Essay on Masculinity and Race - 1594 Words

Masculinity and Race Historically, masculinity in the United States has been constructed as being White Protestant Anglo-Saxon, furthermore heterosexual and in charge of all matters, and this definition sets standards against which other men are measured an evaluated. Michael Kimmel provides a good definition: [†¦], Young, married, white, urban heterosexual, Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height and a recent record in sports(271). This definition refers to a so-called „hegemonic masculinityâ€Å" because it describes a man of power, in power and with power(272). Racially and†¦show more content†¦Others can always help the Caucasian hero to reach his goal and safe „the worldâ€Å" because they might possess a specific and peculiar skill that helps to achieve the aspired goal and this capability furthermore marks their otherness. But they can never possess the whole package like the white hero does. Historically, African Americans have been made hypermasculine as well as they have been emasculated. They were portrayed as either the overwhelmingly strong, sexual aggressive invader or the harmless boy not to be feared. Asian American have been depicted as malicious, sneaky and evil minded others that always threaten to rape innocent white maidens. They are thought of as not being able to speak proper English and in the American cinema there are three formulaic traditions regarding the way Asians are depicted in movies, according to Jun Xing: the yellow peril, the Madame Butterfly and the Charlie Chan stories (Jun, Xing. Asian America Through the Lens. Alta Misa Press. 1998.Show MoreRelatedJustice, Masculinity, And Race And Crime Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagescalled Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys, but he is also an ex-felon. Rios holds a PH.D. in sociology and is now an assistant professor at the University of Santa Barbara. Victor Rios has published on juvenile justice, masculinity, and race and crime in scholarly in journals such as the Critical Criminology. He has not only lived the life he preaches about, he has shown to be extremely knowledgable in this life he has once lived and is also considered an expert in his field ofRead MoreRace, Class And Gender : Masculinity, Feminism, And Intersectionality887 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred, discoveries of the unknown and adaptations to new surroundings have resulted. Through the changes in civilization, humanity has also learned from its mistakes and changed what was necessary for the population to grow and move forward. The human race is unique from all other forms of living primarily because we do not adapt to our environment like other creatures but we modify our surroundings to adapt to our desires. Change is inevitable in human nature and even though we are resilient towardsRead More Insurance for White Masculinity: Methods of Control to Ensure a Dominant Race3563 Words   |  15 PagesInsurance for White Masculinity: Methods of Control to Ensure a Dominant Race The nineteenth-century saw great changes within America and from these changes an ideology was created in an effort of understanding and unification among white men. Changes were occurring so rapidly that they could not be digested and readily accepted, therefore opposition to these rose very significantly. The nineteenth century saw for a great number of political changes as the black race began to collect rights, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Song Wicked Games1697 Words   |  7 Pagesdecided to focus on gender, race, class, sexuality, and age. This is where we can see power, privilege, and prestige (the three P s) in action. Abel is a black, heterosexual, 25-year-old male who is considered to be a part of the high-class due to his fame and current day fortune. Based on societal norms/values, Abel belongs to the dominant identity for gender, class, sexuality, and age. The only identity that lacks the three P s is race because he is a part of a minority race. Since most of Abel sRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Result Of The United States’ Involvement1503 Words   |  7 Pagesto United States’ failure. This brings forth the question of whether race or masculinity was more important for motivating how American soldiers interacted with Vietnamese civilian women. American masculinity refers to the American soldiers’ urge to take control and be dominant figures and satisfy their own needs in regard to women. This meant that they would control women and oppress them for their own satisfaction. Masculinity had a more significant effect in motivating how American army personnelRead MoreConclusion : Tarzan And After By Gail Bederman891 Words   |  4 Pagessexuality, race, and civilization. In the book, â€Å"Conclusion: Tarzan and After† by Gail Bederman, he talks about Tarzan of the Apes story and makes a strong connection about Tarzan’s tough masculinity and comes from a bloodline of Anglo-Saxon’s. The bloodline of Anglo-Sax on is a significant representation because it indicates the pure, rich, and civilized breed that is heavily valued as a white superior race. Also in the book, â€Å"The Transnational Origins of Hegemonic Dominican Masculinity,† by MajaRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Civil Rights Movement1711 Words   |  7 Pagesonly seen in terms of race relations in the United States of America. Steve Estes’, I Am a Man deals with these relationships between white and black men while introducing these concepts in terms of gender and masculinity. But one cannot have masculinity without femininity, which will be the focus of this paper. The role of women in the Civil Rights Movement is key to understanding masculinity. Women were used by both white and black men in order to prove their own masculinity and further their ownRead MoreIntersectionality In Desi Hoop Dreams, By Stanley I. Thangaraj751 Words   |  4 PagesThangaraj, the author describes the concept of masculinity in relation to gender, race, sexuality, class, and ethnicity. Thangaraj uses his friends’ along with his own experiences to illustrate an intersectional relationship, thus creates a stereotypical view of Asian-Americans. Throughout the book, character Mustafa illustrates the idea, as well as gives examples of both intersectional and relational dimensions, through relationships between gender, class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality. In chapter 2Read MoreA Critique Of The New Policies On Elite Female Athletes1152 Words   |  5 Pagesadvantage against other women. -women known or suspected to have hyperandrogenism would be allowed to compete only if they agreed to medical intervention or if they were found to be â€Å"insensitive† to androgens. -Caster Semenya who won the women s 800 meter race was questioned to whether or not she was really a woman. She had an intersex condition that left her without her uterus and ovaries and had androgen levels that were three times of regular women. Due to the testing done on her she went into hidingRead MoreGender And Sexuality : Article On Sexualised Insult Fag By American Teenage Boys1626 Words   |  7 Pages‘slut’ was used to define women sexually and their struggle over class, race and generation. The term ‘bitch’ explored in Crawford Popp (2003) study share similar perspective to Attwood’s work where talking about sexuality or gender would involve making assumption about race and class. This will help present the different identities which people use to define their sexuality and gender such as gay, fag, slut and bitch in terms of race and class. This will be explored in various academics work. This implies

The Corporal Punishment Of Children - 1223 Words

Corporal Punishment of Children Thesis: Although using the corporal punishment method in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowed to use this method to punish students because it’s not effective for the child’s behavioral change, and it affects the child’s behavior mentally and physically. I.Hurts the child physically and abuses the child right II. Destructive rather than constructive A. Many people believe that corporal punishment is a method of encouraging students for better academic performance with no cost. B. Ineffective for the child’s long term behavioral change III. It affects the child’s behavior psychologically A. Makes the student violent B. It lowers the child’s self - esteem Corporal Punishment of Children When I was in middle school at St. Mary’s Catholic School, in Ethiopia, I used to see our teachers using different techniques to punish my classmates. I remember an incident in middle school where a friend of mine was punished in a harmful way because he failed to answer a question. Although the use of corporal punishment in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowed to use this method to punish their students because it hurts the student physically and abuses the child right, it is not effective for the child’s behavioral change, and it affects the student’s behavior psychologically.Show MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment Of Children.981 Words   |  4 Pages Corporal Punishment of Children When I was in middle school at St. Mary’s Catholic School, in Ethiopia, I used to see our teachers using different techniques to punish my classmates. I remember an incident in middle school where a friend of mine was punished in a harmful way because he failed to answer a question. Although the use of corporal punishment in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowedRead MoreCorporal Punishment and Children1935 Words   |  8 PagesIs corporal punishment needed to discipline children? This is a very controversial question that is often debated. Even with as many arguments as there are against corporal punishment, there are also arguments for such punishment for children. This is something that tends to happen in both home and school settings. This type of punishment is very hurtful to the child and can have lasting effects on the child throughout their life. It can cause damage to relationships. It can also cause many diffe rentRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China and JapanRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoint on corporal punishment; some of the reviews take a look at who is most affected by corporal punishment in terms of focusing their lens on race, socio-economic status, gender, culture etc. Some also take a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of corporal punishment. Some take a look at the widespread of corporal punishment in the US. Cases against corporal punishment and the effect of corporal punishment on children were also looked into. With all the different ways corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof any child’s life is a huge determinate of what their future will turn out to be. Parenting styles are the normative prototypes that parents utilize to socialize and manage their children. Different parents employ different styles of discipline to ensure that their children develop to be all-rounded adults. Children who have been nurtured well by their parents turn up as self-regulated with disciplined behavior. Child discipline is thus a key parenting skill, and the choice of discipline styleRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children953 Words   |  4 Pagesmany views of the past relating to corporal punishment have changed significantly. During my readings I read things that instantly stood out to me. The first being how many issues and their solutions revolved around religion. John Wesley, was the founder of the Methodist Movement, and he believed that children were born with sin and that it was the parental duty to discipline the unruly child, starting at an early age. During this time period, corporal punishment was a common practice. Wesley usedRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children2225 Words   |  9 Pagesinternet that will point out the simple pros and cons of Corporal punishment. Many children psychologists state that violence will always produce violence, it will never reduce aggression. This is a generally accepted fact that has been proven and studied for decades. Will someone such as a child, not act out against an aggressor because of the natural drive to preserve their inherited material? There are usually four things that children who have experienced child abuse will do in later years. OneRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1860 Words   |  8 PagesReading/Writing L9 17 March 2015 Corporal Punishment by Spanking in Children Corporal punishment is hared way for children. According to Carol Bower, in the article Positive Discipline and a Ban on Corporal Punishment Will Help Stop Cycles of Violence. parents rely on corporal punishment on their children because violence is an acceptable way to solve problems. â€Å"The data showed that 57% of parents with children under 18 used corporal punishment, and 33% used severe corporal punishment in the form of beatings†Read MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On School Children1251 Words   |  6 Pagesdistribute our findings so that all of the public cannot ignore the wholesale infliction of pain and suffering onto our school children, and the role â€Å"paddling† schools play in teaching our children that physically aggressive and coercive resolutions of conflict are legitimate. Contributing to the problem of violence by making children feel rejected and isolated, corporal punishment is unsafe in and of itself, but its discriminate application may be co-incident with problems unique to racial and gender

Mother tongue education free essay sample

Mercator International Symposium: Europe 2004: A new framework for all languages? The right to mother tongue medium education-the hot potato in human rights instruments Address by Dr. Tove Skutnabb-Kangas in Opening Plenary As long as we have the language, we have the culture. As long as we have the culture, we can hold on to the land. (pg. 1) In an article called Justice for sale. International law favours market values, Mireille DelmasMarty (2003) discusses the danger in the conflict between legal concepts based on, on the one hand, universal market values , on the other hand, genuinely universal non -market values. The genuinely universal non -market values obviously include individual and collective human rights, as a part of the universal common heritage of humanity. Even if philosophy of both human rights law and philosophically oriented parts of political science now start accepting that there shouldbe normative rights in relation to at least some parts of this heritage (in their terminology common public assets), the legal protection of market values is incommensurably stronger than the protection of non-market values. DelmasMarty exemplifies this with the fact that there is no universal international court that individuals could turn to when their (non -market value based) human rights have been violated. Individual rights are entirely a matter for states, and reports are the only form of monitoring (ibid. ). And if this monitoring, which I have exemplified with the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention, does not support educational linguistic human rights strongly, there is a problem. On the other hand, laws based on market values are being spread by more or less global organizations like the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and, it seems to me, even more dangerously, WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) 25. These laws are being developed extremely rapidly, with harsh sanctions for violations. -(pg. 13) Economist Francois Grin offers through his discussion of market failure in his book about the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (2003b) excellent arguments for resisting market dominance for public or common assets/goods like cultural products: â€Å"Even mainstream economics acknowledge that there are some cases where the market is not enough. These cases are called market failure. When there is market failure, the unregulated interplay of supply and demand results in an ina ppropriate level of production of some commodity† (Grin 2003b: 35). In Grins view, many public goods, including minority language protection, are typically under supplied by market forces (ibid. ). The level becomes inappropriately low. Therefore it is the duty of the state(s) to take extra measures to increase it. (pg. 14) Each language reflects a unique world- view and culture complex, mirroring the manner in which a speech community has resolved its problems in dealing with the world, and has formulated its thinking, its system of philosophy and understanding of the world around it. In this, each language is the means of expression of the intangible cultural heritage of people, and it remains a reflection of this culture for some time even after the culture which underlies it decays and crumbles, often under the impact of an intrusive, powerful, usually metropolitan, different culture. However, with the death and disappearance of such a language, an irreplaceable unit in our knowledge and understanding of human thought and world- view is lost forever. (Wurm, ed. 2001: 13). (pg. 17) As long as a numerically small mother tongue does not give you a better job with a higher salary than shifting to a numerically and politically more powerful language, there are, according to thisway of arguing, few arguments to maintain these mother tongues (and bilingualism is often not considered as a real option; the thinking here is often either/or). (pg. 18) I have earlier (Skutnabb -Kangas in press e) claimed that most of these arguments are presented by researchers who tend to write in English and be native speakers of one of the numerically big languages themselves, often English. This does not necessarily mean that they are monolingual themselves, and many of them are global research nomads, holding jobs all over the world, often making the usual rounds in rapid succession, from Britain or USA or Canada to Sydney or Singapore or Hongkong, etc. This means that these researchers have mostly never experienced that their own dominant language has bee n threatened. It seems that many dominant language speakers are much less aware than dominated language speakers of the non -market values of their ownlanguages, and, consequently, of other peoples own languages. At the same time, they are often not aware (or do not want to be aware) of the market benefits that they themselves have access to because of being speakers of dominant languages. Often they take both these benefits and the fact that others are learning their language in a non -reciprocal way, for granted, and are not willing to in any way compensate speakers of dominated languages for these non -earned benefits; they are linguistic free-riders as Philippe van Parijs puts it (2003: 167). This compensation would obviously be fair, even in terms of thetypes of justice that many lawyers accept. Several researchers have started discussing issues in these economic compensation terms (e. g. Grin 2003b, 2004, van Parijs 2003). (pg. 19) Another partially overlapping distinction, also made by Grin (e. g. 2003b: 24-27), can be used to bridge the gap betwe en social market value and non -market value arguments. In describing arguments used to answer the question why anybody, including society as a whole, should bother about maintaining (minority) languages, Grin differentiates between moral considerations arguments and welfare considerations arguments . Most of the legal discourse, including the linguistic human rights considerations, refer to norms about the right tolive in ones own language, even if the extent of the ensuing rights is debated (ibid. : 24- 25). In contrast, the emphasis of the welfare based argument is not on whether something is morally good or bad, but on whether resources are appropriately allocated. The test of an appropriate allocation of resources is whether society is better off as a result of a policy . (pg. 20) Moral or political principles, even if they are sometimes described as human rights, are not necessarily part of internationallaw. They are things that governments should do, if they are nice, not something they must do. Being nice is not a very convincing argument and is less persuasive than rights and freedoms that have the weight of the law behind them. (pg. 20)

Your Parents Raise You To Live Their Lives Essays - Teen Dramas

Your Parents Raise You To Live Their Lives Your Parents Raise You To Live Their Lives Well, I don't think that, that is true but there are always exceptions. For the most part I just think that one's parents raise them according to the mistakes which they have made through out the course of their life. The only answer for my reasoning is that through out my life I have made graver mistakes more often than most. I tried to help my brother and sister grow up accordingly, which proved not to work because I can't live their lives for them, they will have to learn from their own mistakes, like me, yet not to the extent. My parents tried to the same for me, which was worthless, but they still tried, which I have to give them credit for. It must have been tough to keep up with me as they had. I think that life is all about making mistakes and learning from them. All I can say is that your life is your own you can do what you want with it and you're the only one that can control it, with influence of course. Current Events

Professional Letter Writing

Professional Letter Writing When you learn the basics of professional letter writing, you will soon notice that you have a skill that many business people do not have. Professional letter writing is just as important into today’s society as it was when guidelines for this standard of writing were set. This article outlines some tips that will help you to write effective and professional letters to your clients, other business, and your affiliates. Beginning a Professional Letter Professional letter writing begins with a proper greeting to your intended reader. It is important to address a person correctly when writing a letter. How you begin your letter sets the stage for how your reader will accept the letter. For instance, if you start a letter with â€Å"Hey there,† the person reading the letter will not be enthusiastic to read the rest of the letter because they feel unappreciated. On the other hand, if you begin your letter with, â€Å"Dear Mrs. Smith,† the reader will know that you have acknowledged them personally. Here are examples for opening a professional letter: Dear Ms. Smith: If you do not know if the reader is married or not Dear Mrs. Smith: If you are sure the lady reader is married Dear Mr. Smith: For any male whether married or not Dear Dr. Smith: If the reader hold this degree, whether they are male or female To Whom It May Concern: If you do not know if the letter is going to be read by a male or female The Body of the Letter The body of your letter is extremely important because this is where you convey your thoughts. Professional letter writing demands that you use grammatically correct sentences and that your spelling is impeccable. Be sure to use the spell check function on your word processor before sending off a letter to someone. Your thoughts must be organized and flow smoothly in your letter. If a letter is hard for the reader to understand, they may ignore the letter or simply toss it aside for another time. If possible, each point or new discussion in your letter should begin a new paragraph. Closing a Professional Letter Professional letter writing begins with an appropriate beginning, and, thus, must end with an appropriate closing. There are many options for how you choose to end your letter, but the main thing to remember is the right way to write out a closing. Take a look at these examples: Sincerely yours, Best regards, Yours truly, Best wishes, Do you notice any similarities in these four examples? The first word is capitalized, while the second word is not. This is the correct way to end a letter. Do not capitalize both words. A closing statement should feel comfortable to you, or go with the flow of your letter. In professional letter writing, the term â€Å"Sincerely yours,† and â€Å"Best regards,† are more suited when you do not personally the person that you wrote. The other two examples would make good closing statements for a friend or colleague. Professional letter writing becomes easier the more you practice using it, and it should become a habit, if you are serious about how you present yourself to others.

Single-Choice and Restrictive Early Action Programs

Single-Choice and Restrictive Early Action Programs Students who plan to apply through an early admission program will find that the options include more than early action (EA) and early  decision (ED). A few select institutions such as Harvard, Yale and Stanford offer single-choice early action or restrictive  early action. These admission programs incorporate some features of both EA and ED. The result is a policy that is less restrictive than early decision, but more restrictive than early action. Defining Features of Single-Choice Early Action Applicants must have their applications completed early, usually by November 1st.Applicants will receive an admissions decision early, usually in mid-December. The decision date is before application deadlines for regular admission to the great majority of colleges and universities.As with early  decision, applicants can apply to just one school through an early admission program.Applicants can apply to other colleges through their non-binding regular admission programs or rolling admission programs. Also, applicants are typically allowed to apply to any public universities and non-U.S. institutions as long as admission decisions are non-binding.Like early action, single-choice early action applicants have until May 1st to make a decision. This allows applicants to compare offers of admission and financial aid packages from other colleges.Like early action, single-choice early  action admission decisions are non-binding. You do not need to attend the school if admitted. Benefits of Applying Single-Choice Early Action You can be done with your college search by mid-December. This can alleviate months of stress and uncertainty from your senior year.Admit rates are higher (sometimes over twice as high) for the early applicant pool. Keep in mind that colleges will always say that the admission standards are the same for early and regular applicants, and the higher admit rates come about because the early applicant pool tends to include the strongest applicants. Still, the common wisdom is that if you are a competitive applicant, your chances are better in the early applicant pool.You arent required to attend the college youve applied to early. This is a significant advantage over early decision, and it allows you to do overnight visits in the winter or spring before making a final college decision. Drawbacks of Applying Single-Choice Early Action You need to have a polished application ready to go by November 1st. Some applicants rush to meet the early deadline, and as a result put forth an application that doesnt represent their best work.You cant apply to other colleges through an early admission program. With regular early action, you can apply to multiple schools early.You might receive a rejection letter in December, and this can be demoralizing as you continue to work on other college applications and wait for regular admission decisions. As you think about whether or not to apply to a college through single-choice early action, keep in mind why the school is providing this option. When a college gives an offer of admission, it wants the student to accept that offer. An applicant who applies single-choice early action is sending a clear message that the college in question is his or her first-choice school. There is really no clearer way to demonstrate interest than applying early, and colleges can improve their yield significantly if they admit students with clearly demonstrated interest. Even though you are not bound to attend the college, you have sent a strong message that you are highly likely to attend. From the perspective of the admissions office, a high yield is extremely valuable- the college gets the students it wants, the college can better predict the size of the incoming class, and the college can rely less on waitlists. Many of the countrys very top colleges (included most with single-choice early action programs) state that they do not consider demonstrated interest when making admissions decisions. This may be true when it comes to factors such as campus visits and optional interviews. However, such schools are being insincere when the early applicant pool is accepted at a much higher rate than the regular applicant pool. The interest in the school that you demonstrate by applying early does matter. A Final Word About Single-Choice Early Action If you have your heart set on attending Harvard, Yale, Stanford, Boston College, Princeton or some other college with a single-choice or restrictive early action program, applying early is most likely a good choice. Make sure, however, that you have a strong application ready to go by November 1st, and make sure there are no other colleges offering early action or early decision that you would rather attend.

IP1 management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP1 management report - Essay Example Business choices frequently require the information of individuals in more than one practical region(Dell, 2015). This prompts a superior understanding of the bigger view, permitting individuals with distinctive thoughts, viewpoints and ability to voice their plans and find innovative and creative answers for issues that the association is encountering. Among the major organization and overall management strategies, Dell Inc. uses framing, particularly in solving challenges and as a good example on how the company’s managers observe the organization function. Framing does not necessarily give a solution for this issue but it gives a sense of direction and intuition. It prompts teamwork and contribution from everyone including the staff, middle-level management etc. It structural attribute that rationalizes the need for organization, accuracy and self-driven motivation as key constituents for making the right decisions and countering an issue efficiently(Dell, 2015). Additionally, communication is among the core factors and an aspect that Dell management emphasizes on throughout the operations. This helps the managers to create a bond and strong relationship with the rest of the staff members. Consequently, it facilitates novelty and expression without any pressure from the employees; they will freely approach the leader with new ideas and potential solutions for problems (Chapman, 2014). According to Dell’s management, leadership is as significant as management itself hence their key aims is establishing the harmonizing link between both. They ensure that the company’s corporate leaders are experts of all business functions, and through this management, supervision and control is easier because, an executive has more details on the different modules of an organization(Dell, 2015). Additionally, under leadership and sustainability, the leader rotates through different roles before they come to their main project as part of individual

Bio research paper-Glacier, shared by Canada & US Essay

Bio research paper-Glacier, shared by Canada & US - Essay Example Collision of cloud particles falls as snow and rain that accumulates on the peaks of St. Elias Mountains, Takashina Mountains among other ranges. The snowpacks melt in warm weather and proceeds into the rivers, canals, and coastline of the park. Glacier Bay National Park is known for its diverse plant species that readily help in replenishing nitrogen in the ecosystem. Flora consists of hemlock forest, sprus, willows, alder, dryas, and fireweed. Researchers indicate that the presence of moss, alder and dryas is the immediate evidence of an excellent nitrogen cycle in an ecosystem. The park nitrogen is improved by the ability of dryas and alders to add nitrogen directly from the air. These two plant species fix the collected nitrogen from the air into their rot nodules before dropping their leaves that serves in nitrogen addition to the soil. Fungi indigenous to the forest also help in the nitrogen cycle. Plants such as hemlock, willows, fireweed and sprus found in Glacier Bay National Park absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. These plants are the primary producers of carbon in the cycle. They release the absorbed CO2 into the atmosphere in the process of respiration. The aquatic plants found in rivers Alsek, Glacier Bay, Lynn Canal, and Dry Bay also absorb the dissolved carbon dioxide in these water bodies. They use the absorbed CO2 in photosynthesis. Human activities in the park such as constructing a road leading to Newmont Exploration minefield contributes to the carbon cycle because it leads to deforestation of the park. Tourists visiting the park use gasoline and petroleum in their cars. Burning petroleum releases carbon into the atmosphere. Differences in Glacier Bay National Park’s temperature, rainfall, and composition are an evidence of rich habitat for several native plant and animal species. Tree species vary with the altitude of the mountain ranges. The lowlands of Fairweather range are covered

Book Banning Essay Example for Free

Book Banning Essay Each year, libraries across the United States report hundreds of challenges. The leading causes for contesting a book are sexually explicit content, offensive language and inappropriate subjects for minors [source: American Library Association]. Only a minority of the requests actually make it through to banning the book from its respective library. The Catcher in the Rye. The Scarlet Letter. Huckleberry Finn. Harry Potter. The Diary of Anne Frank. Animal Farm. To Kill a Mockingbird. The Da Vinci Code. The Grapes of Wrath. These literary classics have been vital to the education of many, especially children and adolescents. These great novels both teach important values and educate children about world affairs and classic themes. Unfortunately, each of these novels has been banned at one point in time. Many of these classic stories have been banned because of sexual references, racial slurs, religious intolerance, or supposed witchcraft promotion. Although some may consider these books controversial or inappropriate, many English classes have required us to read these books. Like the teachers that assigned us these books, I believe that even controversial books can ultimately boost, not deter, our educational wealth. I oppose book banning for three main reasons. First, I believe that education should be open to everyone. Everyone should have an opportunity to read any literature of their choosing and form his or her own opinions based on the reading. Micah Issitt lists three basic rights covered under the freedom of the press: the right to publish, the right to confidentiality of sources, and the right of citizens to access the products of the press. My second reason specifically addresses the last right stating that citizens should have access to the press. The government should not restrict books from being published or interfere into personal affairs as this is an infringement of the First Amendment. Finally, I believe that parents should monitor what their own children read, but not have the authority to ban other children from reading these novels. For these reasons, I conclude that the government should play no role in the issue what citizens do and do not read, and that book restriction should remain a solely private matter. At first glance, the debate over banning books appears unimportant. Nevertheless, this debate has divided our nation into those who favor censoring books to protect their impressionable adolescents, and those who argue that education should be open for everybody without interference from the government in restricting the publishing and accessing of these books. Issitt argues that censoring books violates the First Amendment, stating that citizens must be free to seek out any media, regardless of content, that they deem appropriate for entertainment, information, or education. Denying the rights of the consumer, in any area, is one of the hallmarks of authoritarianism. While I do not equate banning books with authoritarianism, we do endorse Issitts belief that individual citizens have the right to choose, under their own discretion, what books to read. The First Amendment protects the freedom of expression and speech, and by prohibiting certain messages, the government clearly infringes upon public rights. On the other hand, Healey claims that censorship does not repress information that teenagers and children are exposed to, but merely gives parents the rights to educate their children in the ways they deem appropriate. Though I concede that parents do have the right to monitor what their children read, they do not have the right to remove books from public libraries or monitor what other children in the city read. Healey attempts to persuade readers that censorship of books should not be about silencing voices on important topics, but about steering young people toward the best possible literature; however, she fails to specify what constitutes as the best possible literature. Some of the best possible literatures† also happen to cause the most controversy, including Huck Finn, Harry Potter, The Scarlet Letter, and To Kill a Mockingbird. Those who protest against these books have clearly not studied them in depth. For example, the main theme in Huckleberry Finn focuses not on advocating racism, as some suggest, but proving that race does not define a persons intelligence or capability for compassion. Even Healey admits that concerned parents and community members react without taking the time to closely investigate the books they want banned. While I agree that parents should play an active role in educating their children and as their primary guardians, have the legal right to monitor what their children read, I disagree that this legal right extends to controlling what other children in the neighborhood read as well. Prohibiting children from reading a book will not enhance their moral values. Rather, banning a book more likely will increase curiosity for reading it. I also empathize with parents who ban books with controversial or uncomfortable subjects because they are unsure as to how their children will react or how to explain such topics. A good way to discuss these subjects with children is to read books with various views on the subject so that children can experience multiple points of view before forming their own opinions. Healey herself agrees that such a method might help young people better understand the world they live in, the human condition, and issues they face in their culture. As Healey stated, parents also tend to ban books based on moral grounds, although some books have been condemned for their perspectives on civic values and history. For this very reason, the general public should read these books. Our society, especially our younger children, needs to read these books since fully understanding a topic requires knowledge of both sides. If we choose to disregard even a highly unpopular opinion, we intentionally choose to live in ignorance, only partially educated in a topic we claim to know so well. Without a doubt, if we continue to ban books and ignore what some consider taboo topics, we hinder ourselves and our children from finding ways to solve societys problems, thus hampering the development of our nation as a whole. Many conservative groups make the argument that the books that have been banned have material that is inappropriate, immoral or contradicting the beliefs they have ingrained in their children and/or their society. Take for consideration the controversial books that tackle difficult, touchy social issues like homosexuality. Books like Heather Has Two Mommies, by Leslea Newman and Daddys Roommate by Michael Willhoite (both books written for youth with gay parents) were shot down by conservative groups because they attempted to educate children about homosexuality, an issue parents felt needed to be taught to their respective children by them. While this may seem like a valid argument, really it is just skirting around the actual issue. Book-banning cases usually concern the protection of children and their innocence, but all that is happening is sheltering parents showing an awkward avoidance of their childrens confrontation with uncomfortable matters. It is not only selfish, but also harmful to the overall education of their children. This act of prohibiting books is just the parents’ way of evading of the conversation with their child about these sensitive issues. These two books are issues that Healey brings up in her argument on how groups were upset about the way these books informed their children of homosexuality. Homosexuality and other touchy social issues are part of everyday life, and for a group to attempt to censor this subject from younger society is almost absurd; these issues are not monstrous and the censorship of them not only shows prejudice but lack of respect. Banning books seems to be the most public solution for a private matter- not everyone should have to suffer restrictions because one group feels uncomfortable with the book. That being said, there are often books that contain graphic and often highly inappropriate material; I do consent that these books should be censored at the discretion of the parent, or anyone involved however, no one is forcing books upon others, so we should not be forced to remove them. Other groups would say that its also the duty of the government to regulate these books to protect concerned citizens and their families, but I would have to disagree. Its the exact opposite of the governments role- our private lives, the books we read, should be regulated and controlled by us. Banning books from public congregations is not what the government was intended to do. Topics that seem socially outlawed in public, let alone published, have been banned because their immoral content may have a negative effect on younger children. In these books, authors doesnt promote or encourage bad behaviors, they prepare their readers for some of the real world challenges. The child would never be able to learn these things if the book was banned, nor be able to form his or her own opinion about that certain topic. Healey discusses that the book, 33 Snowfish, a dark story of three teenage runaways who are victims of various forms of abuse by Adam Rapp may be an unsuitable way to educate children on these timely topics. However, having these stories banned all together would just further shelter a child whose parents may not be willing to discuss these issues with them at all. Even though these books center around scary topics, they are educating children on real life matters that they will be exposed to once they venture into the world themselves. Healey goes on to make the point that the books should not be banned as well, since it is a matter of private opinion not one to be made by the public libraries of a community. She suggests that schools should inform parents about the kinds of books they offer children in their libraries and classrooms instead of banning them. With the knowledge that some of these books have to offer, children can learn how not to act and what can be the consequences if they do misbehave. This learning experience could turn around with the help of a parent and pass a positive affect over the child. Clearly, banning books not only hinders a childs educational development but also leaves them unaware of the true state of the world. Books do not simply impart general information; they heavily influence a child, the future generation. Without regular access to books, both adults and children could not form sound opinions, only narrow-minded ones. Both advocates and opposers of book banning agree that books are powerful instruments. Otherwise, a debate on the subject would neither have arisen nor lasted so long. Because books can be used to inculcate values and transmit ideology, and to stimulate the imagination, as Healey suggests, any person should remain free to select his or her reading material. This personal issue of selecting reading material has no relation to the government. On the contrary, government action interferes with individual education, a primary American value. Ultimately, children can learn personal responsibility in determining which books to regard and which to discard. In the future, these children will become well-educated adults who can benefit the American society. -

Silicon Valley Bancshares :: essays research papers

Silicon Valley Bancshares (SIVB) NASDAQ   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Silicon Valley Bancshares is helping to fund the high-tech revolution. The Santa Clara, California firmly established parent of Silicon Valley Bank, which essentially serves companies in the high-tech and entertainment industries. This bank provides lines of credit, cash management, factoring, and foreign exchange services through 17 offices throughout California and other high growth areas. The bank specializes in offering startup scratch (in the form of short-term loans, and lines of credit) to nascent Net nabobs waiting for their venture capital to come through. In exchange, startup clients are counted upon to deposit venture funds in Silicon Valley Bank accounts. As a part of its lending, the bank also pursues warrants to buy equity stakes in its clients. Silicon Valley Bancshares' key competitors are Bank One, Bank of America, Bank of West Comerica, FleetBoston, Imperial Bancorp, Mitsubishi Trust and Banking U.S., Bancorp, and Wells Fargo. These are some of S ilicon Valley Bancshares targeted industries; communications, online services, computers, emerging technologies, life sciences, semiconductors, software, venture capital, entertainment, premium wineries, and real estate. The Silicon Valley Bank brought into existence by Roger Smith in 1983, which provided bank services to tech startups in San Jose. The bank grew along with tech companies, and was a main lender to Cisco Systems. Silicon Valley was introduced to Boston's technology companies in 1990, and was also being used Oregon and Washington. The bank has also expanded to residential and commercial real estate lending. The recession of 1989-1991 found Silicon Valley Bancshares with an overextended loan portfolio, and in 1992 the bank booked a loss due to non-performing loans. In 1993, Silicon Valley Bancshares was put under Federal Supervision.

Performing and Visual Arts

Performing and Visual Arts Mia Debrowski ARTS 100 August 27, 2012 Jordan Handler Performing and Visual Arts If there is one thing in this life that cannot be escaped, it is art. Art takes over our visual, audio senses as well as sensation of touch at times. Not only does art take over our senses but it does something very wonderful to our mental status. It raises awareness and stimulates our brains. Some art can touch us on a very deep emotional level. The very definition of art may vary from one person’s opinion to another.It has been said that for centuries the many have debated without resolution of defining the word â€Å"art† (Sporre, 2011). The definition of performing and visual art can be described as a creative form of communication through several different outlets. These may include plays, music, paintings, sculptures, dance and so much more. My personal experience with art has been such a positive influence in my life. Art has always been my escape. When I w as a teenager I was going through some hard family times.On my lunch break at school Iwould go into the music room and teach myself how to play the piano. Typically I get frustrated very easily when I do not know how to do something and I do not pick up on it right away. My fingers were not limber enough for piano, I knew how to read music but had no idea where these notes were located on the piano, I was clueless. For some reason sitting at that piano calmed me, I never once got frustrated. To this day music is still an outlet for me. More often then that it includes dancing to go with it.I love to dance for fun, dance away my stress. I adore watching true dancers perform more than anything. I often watch the Television show So You Think You Can Dance on Fox. There has been so many times that the performance has made me cry. There are several things that go into this amazing performance making me cry. The choreographer turn their story into a vision of dance in their head and pair it with the perfect song. A choreographer can have a great dance but without the perfect dancers then it will never come across right.The dancer has to have the raw emotion come through their performance as well. The wardrobe also helps create this character the dancer is trying to portrait. When all of these elements are paired together just right it creates a truly magical experience for me. I think humans cannot help ourselves in creating art. We are a very creative, intelligent and emotional species. I think that art is our way of expressing ourselves, telling our stories and reaching out to others. Art creates a common ground for people that they may not otherwise have.One of the first things infants do is coo at themselves almost in song. When an infant gets to a point where they can stand or walk first instinct is to bounce when they hear music. To be without art would to be without emotion and passion. It seems that it is almost encoded into our DNA to have creativity and ar tistic abilities, even if it is in just the mildest form. References D. J. Spoore, Perceiving the Arts: An Introduction to the Humanities. (pp. 1-235). Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall. Performing and Visual Arts The definition for visual and performing arts is: skill that requires public performance, as acting, singing, dancing. To discuss personal experiences with the visual and performing arts as a creator, performer and audience member will be addressed, followed by the values of studying visual and performing arts, the indication why visual and performing arts is created, and how it reflects to society. Some of the experiences I have on Visual and Performing arts are as a creator, performer and especially an audience member.I had been involved in music since the 5th grade. I loved being a part of a choir and the great benefits it had towards me even till this day. My most memorable moment was when I made the top 5 soprano list in the Phoenix Union High School. It has taught me a lot about team work, perseverance, and confidence. My experience with being an audience member for visual arts expands as each year comes. Lots of my experiences come from back in high school, only four years ago . With the help of my performing art teachers I was about to see many varieties of performances.They include Madame Butterfly, Jesus Christ Superstar, Rent, Traditional Mexican Folk Dance (La Rondalla) and Jazz Mad. As an audience member, I really enjoy what the visual and performing arts has in store for all of us. I support and encourage strongly the importance of art, music, dance, theater and all that the visual and performing arts has to offer. I think it’s an amazing way for one to express themselves as well as so many emotions and cultures. As someone who is studying to become a teacher, the value of studying the visual and performing arts is just as important as knowing your own career.So many values can be cherished from the visual and performing arts. For someone who is teaching it should have the feeling of accomplishment when you find your own student enjoying what they are producing. The value of finding comfort in what you taught is being translated in a positiv e energy. Sporre â€Å"When a person Studies the mechanics of internal combustion engines, the intended result is that he should be better able to understand, design, build, or repair such engines, and sometimes he should be better able to find employment because of his skills, and thus better life†¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œ For living is a vocation we have in common despite our differences. † (p. g. 3) Humans are known for being creative people. People create of participate in the visual and performing arts because it’s a ways for them to express themselves. Whether it’s just a hobby or a career; this is a way for people to examine and communicate with the world. Sporre â€Å"Humans are a creative species. Whether in science, politics, business, technology, or the arts, we depend on our creativity almost as much as anything else to meet the demands of daily life. † (p. g.5)Sporre â€Å"Recognizing the artistic principles and influences all around us makes our world more interesting and habitable. The arts are elements of life with which we can and must deal and to which we must respond every day. We live with the arts because their principles permeate our existence. Specifically, the aesthetic experience provides a way of knowing and communicating in and of itself, separate from other ways of knowing and communicating. The arts play important roles in making the world around us a more interesting and habitable place.â€Å"(p. g. 2)In conclusion, my experiences in visual and performing arts with regards to creator, performance and audience member are involved in today’s world. I strongly believe in the values that the visual and performing arts has to offer and the end reward that it gives to each individual that is a part of it whether if they are performing, creating or watching. Humans are creative people and their participation in visual arts is performed every day and is influenced by society. Performing and Visual Arts Performing and Visual Arts Mia Debrowski ARTS 100 August 27, 2012 Jordan Handler Performing and Visual Arts If there is one thing in this life that cannot be escaped, it is art. Art takes over our visual, audio senses as well as sensation of touch at times. Not only does art take over our senses but it does something very wonderful to our mental status. It raises awareness and stimulates our brains. Some art can touch us on a very deep emotional level. The very definition of art may vary from one person’s opinion to another.It has been said that for centuries the many have debated without resolution of defining the word â€Å"art† (Sporre, 2011). The definition of performing and visual art can be described as a creative form of communication through several different outlets. These may include plays, music, paintings, sculptures, dance and so much more. My personal experience with art has been such a positive influence in my life. Art has always been my escape. When I w as a teenager I was going through some hard family times.On my lunch break at school Iwould go into the music room and teach myself how to play the piano. Typically I get frustrated very easily when I do not know how to do something and I do not pick up on it right away. My fingers were not limber enough for piano, I knew how to read music but had no idea where these notes were located on the piano, I was clueless. For some reason sitting at that piano calmed me, I never once got frustrated. To this day music is still an outlet for me. More often then that it includes dancing to go with it.I love to dance for fun, dance away my stress. I adore watching true dancers perform more than anything. I often watch the Television show So You Think You Can Dance on Fox. There has been so many times that the performance has made me cry. There are several things that go into this amazing performance making me cry. The choreographer turn their story into a vision of dance in their head and pair it with the perfect song. A choreographer can have a great dance but without the perfect dancers then it will never come across right.The dancer has to have the raw emotion come through their performance as well. The wardrobe also helps create this character the dancer is trying to portrait. When all of these elements are paired together just right it creates a truly magical experience for me. I think humans cannot help ourselves in creating art. We are a very creative, intelligent and emotional species. I think that art is our way of expressing ourselves, telling our stories and reaching out to others. Art creates a common ground for people that they may not otherwise have.One of the first things infants do is coo at themselves almost in song. When an infant gets to a point where they can stand or walk first instinct is to bounce when they hear music. To be without art would to be without emotion and passion. It seems that it is almost encoded into our DNA to have creativity and ar tistic abilities, even if it is in just the mildest form. References D. J. Spoore, Perceiving the Arts: An Introduction to the Humanities. (pp. 1-235). Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall.

Ovid the Metamorphoses

Joey c. The Metamorphoses: Why Jupiter’s feelings that humans are evil is misled and hypocritical. â€Å"And I reckon them that are good must suffer for it the same as them that are bad. †? William Faulkner. Faulkner’s ideology is prevalent in the story The Metamorphoses, by Ovid, as the poet tells of the god Jupiter destroying all man kind (except for Deucalion and Pyrrha) because of the actions of one, Lycaon. Ovid describes Jupiter's destruction as an effort to protect all the gods who do not live in the heavens. However, Jupiter's actions are not justified in any way presented in the book.In the story there are multiple cases where Jupiter and other gods cause danger and torment on the lower class of gods. Examples of rape, intervention of true love, and god’s being killed, forever changed, and cast out, are all reoccurring events that occur throughout The Metamorphoses. This concludes that, with the destruction of humanity, Jupiter exemplifies charact eristics of ignorance and hypocrisy by: not considering the good and well being of other humans, harming the very gods he set out to protect, and ignoring the other gods wrong doings, that were more detrimental than any human ever had the power to do.Jupiter believes that humans are all evil, however he took this generalization off of one situation and failed to consider any other possibilities. By this generalization, Jupiter has misled information and a bias heart going into his decision to flood the world. Jupiter, during an age of hardship and nothing sacred, went to see a human named Lycaon. During his visit Jupiter was treated with disrespect and was even attempted to be murdered by Lycaon. â€Å"†¦ at first Lycaon mocked their piety†¦ ‘He planned to take me, overcome with sleep, and murder me as I lay unawares. ’† (The Metamorphoses: Book 1, 308-313).So outraged, Jupiter set out to destroy humanity with a flood. K Balsley, whose article about The Metamorphoses is published in the University Of California Press, believes that much of Jupiter’s intention was anger based and that led Jupiter to his misjudgment. â€Å"Jupiter is too overcome with anger, too quick to punish and too abusive of his authority as king of the gods to provide an unbiased version of the truth† (Balsley). Jupiter’s anger clouded his mind from seeing the good that others might have and that Lycaon’s actions are the reason why Jupiter flooded the world, not by mankind's evil.With the flood, two people survived, Deucalion and Pyrrha. These two were examples of the honorable and just men and women that Jupiter neglect to consider as he tore apart all human kind. â€Å"†¦ Jupiter realized the world was now thoroughly inundated, and observed only a single man and woman left out of the many thousands there had been, and that they both were blameless and devout†¦ † (The Metamorphoses: Book 1, 447-451). These two indi viduals proved that Jupiter was too quick to action in his decision and made a major mistake in believing all man kind is evil.These two major parts of The Metamorphoses show Jupiter’s action as ignorant, but it is also Jupiter's hypocrisy seen through his own wrong doings which presents the flaws of Jupiter's justification on the flood. A major justification of why Jupiter washed out humanity is to protect the gods that lived on the earth, however this is a hypocritical desire as there are multiple cases in The Metamorphoses where he caused the earth dwelling gods’ torment. In book 2 of The Metamorphoses, Jupiter seeks out Callisto and rapes her. â€Å"†¦ s she began recounting the day’s hunt, (Jupiter) interrupted her with an embrace that clearly showed his criminal intent† (The Metamorphoses: Book 2, 595-597). By successfully raping Callisto, Jupiter caused her harm which was the very thing he wanted to protect them from. His lust is unstoppable i n the book as he is a powerful god and he hurts both his wife, Juno, and his others in his sexual acts. In book three, his wife is so furious at the lust driven Jupiter that she convinced one of his lovers, Semele, to make Jupiter make love with her using all of his power. †¦ (Semele) could not bear such heavenly excitement, burst into flames and was incinerated by Jove’s gift. Her child was torn out of her womb unfinished†¦ † (The Metamorphoses: Book 3, 497-400). Because of Jupiter's action’s both Semele and his own unborn son are killed. His lust drove Juno to intentionally hurt both Semele and Jupiter because she knew that: by making love to Semele, it would kill her and the unborn child. This shows that he fails to protect the gods, and in a very hypocritical action, e actually did more damage to the gods than any human ever did. The evil of Jupiter’s actions are ironic because his punishment of all humanity is a result of the cruelty and wic kedness of humans that Jupiter saw. Through Jupiter's faults it is clear that his destruction of mankind was an act of hypocrisy, however it is also the actions of other god’s that make Jupiter’s reasons for the flood seem foolish. The gods in the story have powers that even the greatest of human abilities cannot compare to, and with evil intentions they can cause much more damage too.The god’s actions in The Metamorphoses hurt many earth dwelling gods and prove that Jupiter has no justification for the flood if the other gods can’t even act decently. In book 14, Glaucus asks Circe to help him get his love, Scylla. However, Circe was in love with Glaucus so she turned Scylla into a Monster. â€Å"Her lover Glaucus wept at this and fled from having any more to do with Circe†¦ (Scylla) carried off Ulysses’ man as plunder† (The Metamorphoses: Book 14, 96-102). As a monster she killed many men until she was finally transformed again.This tu rn of events shows that Circe’s selfish and evil heart that not only destroyed the love of Glaucus but also killed many innocent men, and morphed Scylla (who had been blameless throughout the story) into a monster. Evil is seen through the gods and they have much greater power to act on it. This proses a greater threat to the gods that any human could have. The power the god’s have come with major responsibilities, however it is prevalent throughout the poem that the gods use these powers in selfish ways. For example, when cupid shoots a love arrow at Apollo and an arrow to reject his love at Daphne.He does this as an act of retaliation of Apollo’s rudeness toward him. This action caused Apollo to attempt to rape Daphne, even if the attempt fails as Daphne’s father turns her into a tree before anything happens. â€Å"One is in love now, and the other one won’t hear of it† (The Metamorphoses: Book 1, 657-658). This not only causes Apollo to b e love driven but for Daphne to never want love, which turns the situation into a rape scene. Cupid’s enormous amount of pride caused multiple gods emotional harm and displays that Jupiter misjudged the negative effect the god’s have on each other.The good and the wicked are punished by Jupiter in this story. It is shown throughout the story of examples of ignorance and hypocrisy created by the flood on Jupiter's behalf. Jupiter shows these traits by not considering the good people effected by the flood, harming the gods who he believed he would be protecting by the wipe out of humanity, and by ignoring the evil actions the gods. Jupiter has no justification of the destruction of humanity and his actions were unjust, hypocritical, and ignorant.

Pronouncing the S

Pronouncing the S Most of the time, the s of Spanish sounds the same as the s sound in English words such as see and bus, although perhaps a bit shorter. However, the sound of the Spanish s is also affected by the sound of the letter that follows it. When an s is followed by a voiced consonant - in other words, a b, d, voiced g, m, n, l, r or v - it is pronounced like a soft z sound. Note that the z-like sound occurs in Spanish only before those consonants. It does not occur at the end of words (such as in plurals) or when followed by a vowel. The s sound changes slightly merely because it is blending into the sound that follows. In some areas, native speakers frequently omit the s sound when it comes at the end of a syllable, so that  ¿Cà ³mo est usted? ends up sounding something like  ¿Cà ³mo et uted? You should be aware of this if youre traveling in such areas but shouldnt imitate it elsewhere. The question  ¿Cà ³mo est usted? (How are you?) is used in our audio lesson on pronouncing the Spanish . Words used to demonstrate the z-like sound of s are mismo (same) and desde (from).

Biology Term Paper

Biology Term Paper Biology Term Paper Biology Term Paper Writing Tips Ideas Biology term paper is a rather responsible task as it greatly influences your future grade for the whole course of Biology. That is why you have to treat it with all the seriousness if you do not want to spoil the grade for the course of biology. This article will help you in succeeding while your biology term paper writing. Use the tips you are going to be offered and you will certainly win a success with your professor. Useful Points To Consider Thus, here are the following tips for you, which will help you a lot while writing:Never leave your biology term paper until the last day, as you will fail to present your biology term paper ideas in time. Start writing it as soon as you get the assignment in order to write a well-researched biology term paper without being in a hurry. Choose the specification, which you are going to deal with during your biology term paper writing, however, do not choose a filed of Biology which is not fami liar to you or it will be too difficult for you to cope with the task. Try to find as many sources of information for your biology term paper writing as it is only possible, the more information you are going to present in your biology term paper the higher grade you are going to receive for your research. Create your own opinion at the subject under consideration and prove in your biology term paper that this very opinion is worth to exist. Make the list of references in order not to be blamed in plagiarism while using someone others points of view in your biology term paper. Follow the existing biology term paper format, which is as follows: introduction, body, and conclusion.Excellent Biology Term Paper Writing Requires Efforts Any kind of term paper demands a lot of efforts and hard working from the students. Besides, it demands a lot of free time. If the student does not possess enough free time in order to write biology term paper, he or he will never be able to write a full-fledged work, which is going to win the highest grade to its writer. If you do not have enough spare time to spend it for biology term paper writing, better do not start writing your biology term paper at all. If you do not want to endanger your grade and reputation as a result just because of not having enough time, appeal to our custom essay writing service and order biology term paper, which will bring you A+ grade.

Combustion Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Combustion Effects - Essay Example Global warming however considered a misnomer is a concern across the world for its perceived impacts. The following are some of the Global warming has direct impacts on agriculture. While the increased temperatures may lead to more water especially in artic and other bordering areas, the soils are poor for agriculture. Unfortunately, these temperatures may also increase the encroachment of arid environment to the currently agriculturally productive areas. This lead to a net deficit in food production to feed the growing world population (Hughes, 2000). The heat waves that are produced as a result to the increased temperature may have adverse health impact on mankind. Warm temperature may also be associated with newer diseases and migration of pathogenic parasites (Hughes, 2000). Most areas in the world are low-lying. Any minimal change in the sea level might lead to flooding of such areas. This leads to low production of those areas and might force emigration of the population to other areas. Guan, W., Liang, J., & Wang, B. (2013, March). Combustion Front Expanding Characteristic and Risk Analysis of THAI Process. In International Petroleum TechnologyConference.International Petroleum Technology

The role of leadership in organisational change Essay

The role of leadership in organisational change - Essay Example This tendency is caused by companies’ desire to be successful and earn money hand over fist. Let us refer to appropriate sources in order to define the role of leadership in organizational change. Elving in conducted research (2005, pp. 129-138) claims that organizational change requires changes in communication. This study suggests that communication in organization creates a community and serves as an informative methodology. The researcher presents six propositions of communication factors which influence changes rejection. Nevertheless the author underlines that informative role of communication can positively influence readiness for changes in organization while it develops organizational commitment and give certainty to employees. Bovey (2001, pp. 534-548) explores resistance to organizational change. The author interestingly emphasizes that resistance to change is rooted not in individual, but in organization itself. He offers 5 mechanisms to resist organizational changes. Thus in case of following suggested mechanisms such as humor, anticipation etc employees and managers will easily adapt to newly introduced changes. Caldwell’s research (2003, pp. 285-293) explores change leaders as transformed managers. The author claims that change leaders are on the top of the company and they work out strategy of change and change managers translate their strategies into actions. We can correlate this study with the work by Smith C. (2002, pp. 448-460) on leading change which intrigues us with its correlation with Jungian interpretations of the book of Job. The story of Job from the Bible is considered to be the basis of current organizational life. The image of Job is a predecessor of modern leader. Transformation of Job in modern manager and change leaders as transformed managers has many traits in common. Modern world is anxious and modern leaders should have skills to react to all evoking

IT project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

IT project - Essay Example It has to address the people or the human resource part of the system, which examines the employees of the company. Secondly, the architectural views should in corporate a process which enables the employees to have a proper social networking system. The project should be in a position to support all the required processes and contain information that supports all the processes. It is also important that the usability aspect of the system is considered depending on the working environment of the same. It should cater for al the workers without any difficulty in usage/ There should be room for changes the social networking system to suit the needs of the employees across the towns that are represented in the networking just in case need arises for the same. This can be in terms of new technological changes or advancement in technology with time. The system must be easy to use and have navigation keys that are detailed enough to be a clear guide to employees seeking various information or those in need of liasing and socializing with fellow employees. In case need arises, or employees complain that the usability aspect of the system should be enhanced, it should not be a difficulty in doing the same. A team of technocrats needs to be put in place to handle this. The first stage should present the details of the company to the users, then the second part is where the users key in their details in order to be able to access all the information and have ease in access to whatever they want. The data access interface comprises all details about networking, calendars, meetings and conferences of the workers and the management, and any other for of communication that the company plans. Finally the last interface is a store of all the data that is processed in the system with time or from time to time (Clements, 2003). In conclusion, I believe that these two architectural views can allow for the

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay Fruit and vegetables are not consumed in the required quantities, throughout the world due to a variety of reasons e.g. availability, cost and/or convenience. Even though there importance is clearly defined by the World Health Organisation guidelines (Keenan et al. 2011a), in the developed world convenience is perceived as being the predominant cause for the demise of fruit and vegetable consumption. This has directly led to the development of a new product set that enables the consumer to achieve the recommended 5 portions a day, whilst maintaining their busy life styles. Smoothies have now entered into popular culture; the (Oxford English Dictionary, 2013) defines it as Noun a thick, smooth drink of fresh fruit purà ©ed with milk, yogurt, or ice cream A fruit Smoothie is a drink that blends fruit and fruit juice together to create a healthy snack. The Smoothie market to have reached $9.0 billion by 2015 (Global Industry Analysts, 2010) and that UK sales reached 34 million in 2006, which is 6.3 million up on 2001 according to Mintel who also expect Smoothie sales to treble by 2011 (BBC News, 2007). In the USA the sales reached $2 billion in 2012, which has grown 80% over the past 5 years (Smoothie Statistics, 2012). In the UK, the sales of smoothie increase to 80 million in 2007, but showed a reduction in sales gradually falling by 2009, however sales have increased again by 2011 to 55 million (British soft drinks, 2011). Mintel are a company that provide food and drink research to the UK. They have reported that many fruit Smoothies have been found to have a hidden sugar content to sweeten the Smoothie up; many of the fruit Smoothies were found to have hidden sugars comprising of fruit juice concentrates and high fructose syrup (Courier mail, 2013). Most Smoothies have apple and banana as core ingredients. Apples have a natural sweetness; this means not as much, if any additional sugar needs to be added to the drink, to sweeten the taste, banana is also added as it adds a natural thickness to the Smoothie, nothing artificial needs to be added to the Smoothie (Innocent drinks, 2013). One problem that is faced is the texture of the drink, it can be quite bitty or grainy, this is derived from tiny particles that some fruits contain, for example strawberries have small pips on the outside of the fruit, so blending the fruit alone will not get the particles to break up. However a way to change this has been found that passing ultrasound waves into the fruit during its preparation makes the particles smaller. Ultrasound wave technology has been available for many years, but in the last 10 years the food industry has developed a methodology to use the ultrasonic waves in food processing (Ultrasonic innovations, 2008). This paper presents an example of using ultrasound waves in the Fruit Smoothie product to reduce the particle size problem outlined earlier. There are a number of advantages for using ultrasonic waves, they have a more effective mixing and micro-mixing, faster energy and mass transfer, reduction in temperature the mixture can remain at the same temperatu re throughout the process. Ultrasound wave technology also increases the production volumes of the Smoothies (Chemat et al., 2011). 1.1 Aims To investigate and reduce the particle size within the Fruit Smoothie mixture using ultrasound waves. To test the treated Smoothie for its- viscosity, colour and centrifuge for the acceptability of the particle size. Testing the treated Smoothie on samplers for the acceptability of the particle size, the colour and the taste in the mouth. 1.2 Objectives Employ ultrasound waves at different power levels for the reduction of particle size and for two different lengths of time. To use the Brookfield viscosity to test the flow rate of the different samples. To use the Hunter LAB to analyse the intensity of the colour change and the centrifuge machine to test the separation for the different samples. Test the finalised product on random, untrained samplers to identify their thoughts about the product and compare the product to an untreated sample product. 1.3 Hypothesis This paper will be an experimental hypothesis. Using ultrasound waves will reduce the particle size in the Smoothie product and create a smoother taste. 2. Literature Review The literature review consists of what a Smoothie is, the types of products available, the role of ingredients, the manufacturing process and sensory attributes. 2.1 Smoothie Definition The word Smoothie comes from the English word smooth meaning tender and creamy. Smoothies are defined as a creamy cold drink which is made of blended fruit or berries together with some fruit juice, only natural ingredients are added to the product. The texture of a Smoothie is of a thick consistency unlike the slush drink and has a consistency more like a milkshake (Smith et al., 2013). 2.2 Types of Smoothies Available The main Smoothie manufacture that is available in the UK, is Innocent Smoothies, they have a wide range of Smoothies already available on the market, from Strawberry and Banana to Kiwis, Apples and Limes to Pomegranates, to Blueberries and Acai (Innocent Drinks, 2013). These Smoothies are available in four different sized bottles, they vary from handy grab and go bottles, to bottles that can be stored in the fridge and used many times over. Innocent dominate with 80% of the market in 2010 (Mintel, 2010). Figure 1: Innocent Smoothie Drinks (Innocent drinks, 2013) Innocent Smoothie also offers other products in this range, five kids Smoothies are available in handy lunch box sized cartons, useful for lunches. Figure 2: Kids smoothies (Innocent drinks, 2013) 2013) Happy monkey are another brand of Smoothie that are mainly branded for kids and their lunch boxes (Happy Monkey Smoothies, 2013). They come in two varieties orange mango and strawberry banana, and can be purchased in a variety of shops. Happy Monkey Smoothies offer less variety than Innocent Smoothie however they have similar products available. One close to the orange and mango is available in Innocents childrens range and the strawberry and banana is found in the main Smoothie range. Figure 3: Happy Monkey smoothie products (Happy Monkey Smoothies, 2013) Another place that Smoothies can be found is from Ellas kitchen, these again are more aimed at children to take to school and have as a healthy snack. They are comprised of five different flavours available in small handy sizes. Like Innocent and Happy Monkey, they have similar flavours with the same ingredients as the back bone to the Smoothie products. Figure 4: Ellas kitchen Fruit Smoothie products (Ellas Kitchen, 2012) The Naked Smoothie Company are aimed at producing Smoothies for adults on the go, that do not have time to eat fruit with their everyday life commitments. Naked advertise that they are a healthy alternative and contain antioxidants in them (Naked Juice, 2013). These advertisements are aimed at those wanting to try and stay healthier for longer by adding antioxidants into their bodies, to help fight free radicals. Naked have launched additional products that claim to increase energy levels throughout the day Figure 5: Naked Juice Smoothies (Naked Juice, 2013) These are the main Smoothie brands on the market in the UK today. Many companies target their brands towards childrens health, helping them get their 5 a day, thus making it easier for their parents by allowing them to have one of their products, the parent does not have to try and persuade the child to eat a piece of fruit. However some companies do promote their products to the older generation advertising that their Smoothie can help them to stay fit and healthy as well as their children. All these Companies claim that their products are 100% pure fruit without any added sweeteners or artificial flavourings. 2.3 Role of ingredients Fruit is the primary component in a Smoothie. Many producers of fruit Smoothies promote how they can help you achieve your five a day in a tasty quick convenient drink. Strawberry: Strawberries in this fruit Smoothie is one of the main ingredients and adds flavour to the drink. Strawberries have a natural sweetness that will sweeten up the product without the need to add any sweeteners to the mixture, thus making the smoothie healthier. Strawberries are a major contributor and they give the drink the pink colour. Strawberries have natural bits around them which give the texture in the smoothies the natural graininess; this is what the ultrasound waves will reduce in the smoothies. Banana: As well as bananas being one of the main ingredients in the smoothie, banana is also a natural thickener (Innocent Smoothie, 2013), this making the banana a vital ingredient in the fruit mixture, as without the banana the drink may become too runny. The banana also adds as a bulking ingredient as it increases the volume of the Smoothie. As banana is one of the main ingredients it adds to the flavour of the drink and produces the banana and strawberry flavoured Smoothie. Grape: Grape juice adds to the flavour, and helps break down the thickness of the banana and sweetens the banana taste. Grape is an acidity regulator and controls the acidity levels in the smoothie. Without the grape juice the acidity in the Smoothie may become too strong. Apple juice: Apple juice is used to add a natural sweetener to the Smoothie (Innocent Smoothie, 2013). By adding this it means no additional sugar is necessary resulting in a healthier drink. The apple juice as with grape helps to break down the banana thickness to create a smoother texture. Oats: Oats are added to the fruit Smoothie to add more fibre. They also change the thickness of the product. The oats added in to the mix changes the texture of the Smoothie. This again will be decreased by using ultrasound technology to reduce the particle size. 2.4 Manufacturing Process Ultrasound is a non-thermal technology utilising high power and high frequency that results in a longitude wave that creates a sudden implosion of bubbles. The implosion generates localised spots with a very high pressure that can disturb cellular structures; this means the particle size will reduce (Fellows, 2009). When ultrasonic waves hit the surface of a material they generate a force, this force is vertical to the surface and it results in a compression wave that moves through the food. If the force is parallel to the surface it produces a shearing wave. Both methods allow the food product to be sonicated (Fellows, 2009). In recent years using ultrasound waves in food processing has been investigated extensively (Rawson et al, 2011) concentrating on the effect that pulses have on the nutritional aspects of the food sample and the lengthening of the shelf life of products. Sonication has significantly improved the preservation role in foods (Rawson et al., 2010). The amount of bu bbles produced depends on the amount of frequency and amplitude of the ultrasound waves (Keenan et al., 2011b). This means the particles of the fruit Smoothie should be reduced when the ultrasound waves are at a higher frequency and higher amplitude. The longer the ultrasound waves are placed through the Smoothie the more this will have an affect the amount of particles broken up. 2.5 Quality attributes Fruit and vegetable beverages can have certain sensory barriers that can put off many people from drinking them. These barriers include a bitter taste and a grainy texture and in the most recent National Diet and Nutritional survey (NDNS) report, it highlights the difference in consumption of the 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day between children and adults. It found that children are more prone to eating fruit and vegetables every day. Fruit juices continue to grow in popularity and are potentially driven by an increase public interest in preventative healthcare (Wootton-beard and Ryan, 2011). 2.6 Nutrition Due to marketing and advertisement of Smoothies there is a misconception that the drinks are as healthy for you as eating fruit by themselves. Labels claim that they are packed with vitamins, low in fat and bursting with goodness and the UK has spent over  £100 million a year on Smoothies, however many of them contain sugar, calories and acids as extra ingredients that have been added to sweeten them up and make them taste better (BBC News, 2008). This means that Smoothies are not as healthy as the packaging is advocating. Juicing fruit and storing it can make it quite acidic, and one being consumed can damage the persons teeth. Juicing takes away the fibre and removes many nutrients that are found in the whole fruit (Independent, 2006). Juice and Smoothies count as one portion of your 5 a Day when drunk in a 227g portion. It was found that pure fruit and vegetables can offer similar health benefits to whole fruit and vegetables. This is due to the antioxidant and polyphenol content that is found in fruit and vegetables, however it still remains a concern regarding the impact juices have on sugar consumption, fibre intakes, dental health and appetite control. It has been found that fruit contains a naturally high carbohydrate, sugar, starch and fibre content. Smoothies are not that different to a consumer choosing fruit like a banana than it would be if they chose it in the Smoothie form (Ruxton, 2008). The advice expressed by health professionals is that consumption of Smoothies should be discouraged due to the high carbohydrate and sugar content, as this would prevent the rise in sugar consumption that has been on the increase in recent years. However this is a mistaken belief in regards to Smoothies, for in a 250m l portion, 30g of sugar can be found, similar to a piece of fruit. Research has been undertaken to show that Smoothies may have more associated dental health problems than eating two portions of whole fruit and vegetables; this has not been proven with reliable evidence. When Fruit Smoothies were first introduced onto the market, it was thought that it would encourage those in the population who did not consume the minimum daily dietary requirements regarding fruit and vegetables. It was a concern that they may stop people from consuming the actual fruit and vegetable however, it was found that those who consumed higher levels of fruit and vegetables were more likely to consume both the whole fruit/vegetable and Smoothies/fruit juices. Smoothies were found to be higher in fibre, vitamin C and antioxidants compared to fruit juices alone (Ruxton, 2008). 2.7 Consumer acceptability/ Sensory To the consumer, the most important quality attributes are the five sensory characteristics Texture, Flavour, aroma, shape and colour (Keenan et al., 2011b). These attributes determine the individuals preference for specific products. These attributes help to define differences between certain brands and their differing tastes. In the case of this study, these attributes will help the panellists to taste the size of the particle in the sonicated Smoothies (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.8 Taste and Flavour Taste and flavour is a major factor in consumer choice. There is a difference between taste and flavour, taste is the sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness and umami. The taste buds on the tongue affect what the taster can detect, and some attributes can be detected at very low thresholds in certain food groups. Taste occurs on the tongue were 10,000 taste buds are located on the front, back, sides and the tip of the tongue. Each taste bud has clusters of 50-100 taste receptor cells. Flavour is the result of the interaction between the sense of smell that the person can detect from the sample, and the taste that the taste buds have given off which determines the flavours they can taste in the sample, however 80% of the perception is from the smell of the sample, the food is inhaled through the nostrils and from the back of the mouth as the food is chewed and swallowed. The flavour of foods is influenced by the flavour compounds which are released when chewed (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.9 Texture The texture of food has a major influence on consumers perception of quality. Information is passed to the brain, about the texture of the food from the sensors in the mouth and from recalling these senses from memory it can build up an image of the texture properties of the food. This can be seen in three stages: 1. Initially the first stage is to assess the hardness, the ability to break the food and the consistency of the food product in the first bite 2. The second stage is the chewiness, adhesiveness and the gumminess during the chewing of the product. During this phase the moistness and the greasiness of the food is also detected. 3. The third stage is the perception of the rate at which the food will be broken down whilst chewing. The type of the pieces formed, then the release of moisture and finally any coating on the mouth or tongue with food (Povey and Mason, 1998). 2.10 Colour The colour of a Smoothie or any other product is one of the main aspects that a consumer is going to take into consideration when choosing a product they wish to purchase. If the colour is unusual or not natural to the eye, consumers may find it off putting, particularly in this market segment, as the Smoothie purports to be a replacement for natural products. So the products colour is very important The colour of a Smoothie is affected when the sonic processing is undertaken. Typically the more ultrasound power put into the Smoothies, the more particles are broken up, resulting in the colour of the Smoothie being affected by the particle degradation (Keenan et al., 2012a). 3. Method The methodology section consists of the following: Sample Preparation, Ultrasound Processing, Physical analysis, Brookfield Viscosity, Colour, Analysis, Centrifuge Analysis, Sensory Analysis, Ethical Issues, and Statistic Analysis. As similar work has been undertaken on the topic of using ultrasound waves in Smoothies, several methods were incorporated to expand on the work already developed to test four different methods (Keenan et al., 2010), (Keenan et al., 2011a), (Keenan et al., 2012b), (Keenan et al., 2012c). As this paper is concentrating more on the mouth feel of the Smoothie, than for example the shelf life changing due to the sound waves being passed through the product, the sensory aspect was a higher priority, so only following limited methods helps to get the full purpose of the study across. In this study, a Smoothie is the product of choice to test and investigate with the ultrasound waves process, because of the varying particle size that can be found in Smoothies. Reducing the particle size should have effective results. According to recent sales, Smoothies have become very popular in the UK, however many consumers find the graininess of some fruit puts many consumers of drinking Smoothies off putting. This study, investigates a way to reduce this, using a novel technology that has not been used extensively in food products. 3.1 Sample preparation The Smoothies prepared were based on the commercially available Smoothie Strawberry and banana by innocent Smoothies. 1400ml of Smoothies was made using 288g of banana, 284g of grapes (mixed), 520g strawberries were chopped, 700ml of apple juice from concentrate then added to a homogeniser (Keenan et al., 2010), (Keenan et al., 2011a) and (Keenan et al., 2011c) along with 50g of oats, and all food products were sourced from a local supermarket. Once the fruit, juice and oats are homogenised the Smoothie is split into seven 250ml samples and refrigerated to between 2-4oC, so all Smoothies are at the same temperature before ultra sound processing can take place. Each time the particles are tested the same amount of each fruit is the same, to make sure texture and colour is the same each time. The Smoothie composition was derived from the commercially available; innocent Smoothie product banana and strawberry. Place into blender with oats and apple juice for 1 minute Split mixture into seven samples Chop strawberries and bananas. Peel grapes Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 60 Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 100 Place 2 into ultrasound machine for 5 and 10 mins. on power 20 Test sonicated samples for separation of particles Test sonicated samples for colour Test sonicated samples for viscosity Figure 6: Summary Flow Chart of Smoothie Method of Sonication and Testing. 3.2 Ultrasound machine Once the Smoothie is split into portions the ultra sound treatment can be done, the Smoothies were tested using (Keenan et al., 2011a) method on how to test ultrasonic waves through fruit samples. Three treatments were used in this practical; the Smoothies were treated with three different power levels (20%, 60%, 100% on the 0.5 cycle) for two different lengths of time. Six of the Smoothie samples were processed on and one was kept as a control to compare the results to the original Smoothie. Figure 7: Ultrasound Machine C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0486.JPG 3.3 Physical Analysis Once each of the Smoothies has been treated, tests were done on the different samples for viscosity, colour and centrifuge. 3.4 Process Parameters Due to the ultrasound machine being placed in to the smoothie, it can change the temperature of the smoothie mixture. (Keenan et al., 2012a) study shows that the smoothie mixture inside the pressure chamber increased from 20 to 37oC during the high pressure processing. Power Level Time (Minutes) 20% 5 20% 10 60% 5 60% 10 100% 5 100% 10 Table 1: Processing power level and time it was sonicated A way to stop the temperature of the Smoothie being increased when ultrasound waves are being passed through it, is to decant the mixture into a beaker (which allows water to flow through) syphon off the warmer water so as to keep the Smoothie from increasing in temperature. 3.5 Brookfield Viscosity Viscosity is a measurement of the internal friction of a fluid, for example liquids and semi solids and Brookfield is the measurement of these. The viscosity measurements are made to test the quality and the efficiency of a product. A main way that that researchers test their work, is using a viscometer. It is one of the quickest, most reliable and accurate ways of analysing some of the most important factors affecting the product. (Brookfield engineering, 2013) The accuracy of the viscometer was checked with a standard solution of water to calibrate the viscometer. The seven samples were then tested the same way this was done by using the number four spindle at speed ten and placing the spindle into the Smoothie sample to get readings. A reading was taken on twelve occasions at ten second intervals to get an average. This was repeated on all seven samples. Figure 8: Brookfield viscometer meter C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0488.JPG 3.6 Colour Analysis The hunter lab model UltraScan PRO was used to test the changes in colour of the fruit Smoothies once the initial processing had taken place. The colour test was useful to see if the Smoothie had become lighter or darker in visual terms after the processing. Hunter Lab system is a popular and trouble free technique used in both quality control and research; it is able to test a wide spectrum of product colours from transparent films to clear liquids and/or opaque solids (hunter, 2008). In this case study it was used to test the difference in colour of the six processed samples, comparing them with the control sample. The colour was then tested by placing some of the Smoothie into a glass square tube with black foam to form a blackout around the outside to avoid any other light affecting the result. This was then placed on to the machine and the machine produced an L* a* b* reading of the colour. Each time a new sample was tested it was calibrated back to the original Smoothie. Each of the seven samples was tested three times to obtain an average. The 250ml Smoothies are then spilt in to 125ml samples. One 125ml sample is placed into the refrigerator and left for twenty four hours; the other 125ml placed into a water bath at 4oC for the same twenty four hours. Figure 9: Hunter Lab ColourC:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0487.JPG 3.7 Centrifuge Analysis Centrifuge is driven by a motor and forces a sample to evenly separate the substance of greater and lower densities apart. A sample is placed in the machine and the motor is switch to a certain speed, the sample is then spun around a fixed axis. After the twenty four hours, 10ml of each is poured into a numbered tube and then placed into a centrifuge machine and spun at 4600rpm for ten minutes, this causes substances to separate and the bigger particles at the bottom with the smaller particles on top. The results are entered and analysed using SPSS. Figure 10: Centrifuge machine C:UsersFionaPicturesIMG_0489.JPG 3.8 Sensory Analysis Four samples of 1000ml were poured into four jugs consisting of Strawberries, banana, grapes, apple juice and oats. Three of the samples were treated with ultrasound waves at three different power levels (20%, 60%, 100% on cycle 0.5) for 10 minutes and the fourth was kept as a fresh control sample. The samples that were being tested were treated at the three different power levels for 10 minutes and control sample that was left untreated. An untrained panel of 50 people with an age range of 19 to 57 were used. As the study was based on the overall mouth feel of the Smoothie no training was needed before the tasting took place. The sensory was carried out in individual sensory booths and had controlled lighting. The odour in the booths was controlled to avoid any misconception of the product and its taste. The panellists were presented with four samples of the different Smoothies and given a sample of 10ml in 25ml plastic cups. Each sample was given a randomised three digit code, this was to avoid the panellist from know which order they are sampling each (Keenan et al., 2011b). Each panellist received the samples in a different order. The untrained panellists were given a cup of water to cleanse the palate, so the mouth was free of flavour before the next sample is tasted. There were eight important attributes that were necessary to get a clear picture of whether the participants could tell the difference between the samples and if the particle size had been reduced. The sensory attributes being tested for were colour, smell, appearance, texture, mouth feel, viscosity, aftertaste, and over all acceptability. The rating scale used was a horizontal line scale. A vertical line is placed on the scale between 1 and 9 with the left to right on the intensity of liking the product, for example pale to dark. Appearance Like/ Dislike Texture Bits/ No Bits Colour Pale/ Dark Smell Like/ Dislike After taste Strong/ weak Viscosity Too thin/ Too thick Mouth Feel Creamy/ Watery Overall Acceptability Like/ Dislike Table 2: Sensory Attributes of Smoothies 3.9 Ethical Issues The only ethical part to this study that needs to be addressed is the sensory analysis. On taking part in the sensory analysis, the participants signed an agreement, that they understood the agreement, they understood the ingredients in the samples and made it known if any allergies or intolerances they had that would stop them from taking part in the study. All participants knew that they were free to stop taking part in the study at any point if they wished to so. 3.10 Data analysis All values were repeated twice to get an average number to compare. The comparison was tested using SPSS (ANOVA, TTest) and Microsoft Excel Software. The difference was considered significantly different with a p value of 4. Results The smoothies that had been processed with ultrasound waves were analysed and the results were measured and statistically analysed by using Microsoft Excel, and SPSS. 4.1 Hunter Colour LAB Analysis The colour of the six samples of smoothies that were processed at different power levels and the control sample were analysed to see the colour change. The average readings of the colour parameters (L, a, b, TCD and Chroma) of each of the samples was calculated and can be seen in table below. The analysis was repeated three times to get an average, and all the tests were completed twice to check the acceptability of the results.   Sample L A B TCD Chroma Control 27.46 8.16 7.09 3.23 9.56 5 minutes 20% Amplitude 11.59 6.14 6.43 2.14 7.08 10 minutes 20% Amplitude 11.85 6.14 6.58 2.09 7.13 5 minutes 60% Amplitude 10.91 5.80 6.34 1.68 7.02 10 minutes 60% Amplitude 54.47 10.85 8.31 1.63 13.69 5 minutes 100% Amplitude 55.93 11.33 9.13 0.13 14.57 10 minutes 100% Amplitude 55.64 11.63 9.09 0.04 14.78 Table 3: The average on Lab at the different power levels Figure 11: L values (a), a values (b), b values (c), TCD values, (d), and Chroma Values (e) of smoothie samples colour at the different level of processing. See figure 11a, b, c, d, and e sample key in appendix 1. Figure 11a, 11b, and 11c, has revealed that the more ultrasound waves that are placed through the smoothies, the more the colour of the smoothie changes. Figure 11d shows the total colour difference (TCD) in the Smoothie samples at different power levels.   L Values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 -15.86* -15.61* -16.54* 27.01* 28.46* 28.17* 2 15.86* 0.25 -0.68 42.87* 44.33* 44.04* 3 15.61* -0.25 -0.93 42.62* 44.08* 43.79* 4 16.54* 0.68 0.93 43.55* 45.01* 44.72* 5 -27.00* -42.87* -42.62* -43.55* 1.45 1.16 6 -28.46* -44.33* -44.08* -45.01* -1.45 -0.29 7 -28.17* -44.04