Information and political engagement in America: The search for effects of information technology at the individual level Essay

Activism (Coffee Party). Introduction                  Many onlookers doubt the ability of digital media to revolutionize the political game. The Internet is associated in the new global activism far beyond just reducing the costs of communication, or surpassing the geographical and temporal barriers accompanying with other message media. Innumerable uses of the Internet and digital media expedite the loosely designed networks, the weak character ties, and the patterns of issue and protest organizing that define a new global demonstration politics. Scrutiny of various cases shows how digital network patterns can facilitate: perpetual campaigns of the Coffee Party Movement, the evolution of broad networks despite comparatively weak social identity and ideology ties, alteration of individual member organizations and whole networks, and the capacity to link messages from personal computers to television screens. The same merits that make these communication-based politics resilient, and also make them vulnerable to hitches of control, policymaking and collective identity. This essay uses the realization and fruition of the Coffee Party, a political association in the US that inaugurated as a Facebook Group, to see the upsurge of a transnational activism that is aimed past states and directly at corporations, trade and development organizations bargains a fruitful area for indulging how communication practices can help in creation of new politics. Documentary filmmaker Annabel Park formed the political party as a forward leaning rejoinder to the Tea Party movement in the US. As a tryout, Park setup a Facebook group called, â€Å"Join the Coffee Party Movement,† conjecturing that the way to instigate political participation in the general inhabitants was to create a public spere for civil discourse. The fame and critical mass involvement on Facebook offered a new, and well-suited podium for Park’s experiment (Bimber, 2007). The public spheres created by the Internet and the Web are more than just parallel information universes that exist independently of the traditional mass media. A growing conventional wisdom among communication scholars is that the Internet is changing the way in which news is made (Boeder, n.d.). New media provide substitute communication spaces in which information can develop and be sociable widely with fewer conventions or editorial filters than in the mainstream media. The gate-keeping capacity of the traditional press is weakened when information appears on the Internet, presenting new material that may prove irresistible to competitors in the sphere of 24/7 cable news channels that now occupy important niches in the press food chain. Moreover, journalists may actively seek story ideas and information from Web sources, thus creating many pathways for information to flow from micro to mass media (Boeder, n.d.). New forms of virtual political organization are changing public discourse by broadening and altering participation. Issue entrepreneurship, first conceptualized by Jà ¼rgen to explain the effects of the Internet’s openness and immensity on political discourse is shown here to be at once prescient and insufficient (An encyclopedia). The anticipation of the issue entrepreneur as a central player in Internet enabled political discourse, before it really existed, is prescient (Edward & Chomsky, n.d.). We see issue entrepreneurs emerge from Coffee Party Leadership, from amongst the members and in a few different types of dissent. Jà ¼rgen’s lattice structure, however, fails to anticipate the one-dimensional nature of the political context studied here. Ideology is dominant, and nation, geography and organizational dimensions are nearly absent. Mass media framing of movements clearly varies from case to case, depending on how activist communication strategies interact with media gatekeeping (Habermas, 2003). A global activist movement that is committed to inclusiveness and diversity over central leadership and issue simplicity should have low expectations of news coverage of demonstrations that display the movement’s leaderless diversity in chaotic settings. Why has a movement that has learned to secure good publicity for particular issue campaigns and organizations not developed more effective media communication strategies for mass demonstrations? I think that the answer here returns us to the opening discussion of the social and personal context in which this activism takes place. Not only are many activists in these broadly distributed protest networks opposed to central leadership and simple collective identity frames, but they may accurately perceive that the interdependence of global politics defies the degree of simplification demanded by most mass media discourse. While issue campaign networks tend to focus on dramatic charges against familiar targets, most of the demonstration organizing networks celebrate the diversity of the movement and resist strategic communication based on core issues or identity frames (Bimber, 2007). For instance, discourse enabled by social and participatory media reduce physical barriers, but in this case also make traditional boundaries nearly invisible. The theoretical, design and practical implications of this for socio-technical citizenship are immense. The social and economic interests of citizens are more closely related to nation, geography and institutional dimensions; yet, for the Coffee Party, discourse is not focused there. Self-interest is, in some ways, marginalized by the socio-technical system from which Coffee Party discourse emerges. One important dimension of deliberative discourse on the Coffee Party Facebook page is the presence of both official leadership and leadership that emerges from members. Members lead in two ways; by joining in the discussion for a compelling topic (low frequency posters), or by sparking discourse across a range of topics (high frequency posters).One caution about the discourse we analyzed is the disappearance of user 4283’s comments on the Coffee Party Facebook page (Agre, 2008). Beyond the characterizations of the Coffee Party activists, the predominant news framing of the overall protest movement is also negative, as in â€Å"anti-globalization.† This is clearly a news construction that is at odds with how many of the activists think of their common cause. If movement media framing could be put to a vote among activists, â€Å"democratic globalization† would win over â€Å"anti-globalization† by a wide margin. For example, here is how American labor John Sweeney put it: â€Å"It’s clear that globalization is here to stay. We have to admit that and work on having a seat at the bench when the rules are written about how globalization works.† It is apprehensive with the world: omnipresence of corporate decree, the rampages of monetary markets, environmental destruction, maldistribution of power and wealth, international institutions persistently overstepping their mandates and lack of international democracy.† (Habermas , 2003). The elimination of contributions of dissenters, for whatever reason, would not be commensurate of Dahlberg’s criteria. In a socio-technical space, however, they demonstrate rudimentary gardening of content similar to what occurs on Wikipedia. Future designs of political discourse oriented social and participatory media ought to consider tools and practices for maintaining awareness of editing and what some might view as censorship. Finally, the network structure of this emergent, virtual organization reveals that, although the Coffee Party Administrators are responsible for the parent post content, they avoid participation in discourse regarding controversial ones. Advocates show up as central figures in the discussions that they lead, as do dissenters. Dissenters, however, draw a more diffuse, less centralized network around them. This phenomenon warrants future study focused on understanding how dissent that limits discourse might be separated from dissent that engages discourse. An interesting contrast to focus on here is between user 4283, who dissented without discourse and user 4080, who dissented with reason and direct references to other discussants. Designers of social and participatory media for political discourse might consider incorporating more sophisticated social cues for identifying and managing both dissent and advocacy. Social and participatory media has the potential to engage citizens. The Internet is mixed up in the new global activism far beyond plummeting the costs of communication, or outdoing the geographical and temporal barricades found in other communication broadcasting. Different uses of the Internet and other digital media facilitate the loosely structured networks, the puny identity ties, and the question and demonstration campaign unifying that define a new overall politics (Richard & Douglas, n.d). In specific, we have seen how certain configurations of digital networks enable: Cofee Party campaigns, the growth of extensive networks despite (or because of) comparatively weak social identity and ideology ties, the transformation of both discrete member organizations and the growing patterns of whole networks, and the aptitude to communicate messages from desktops to TV screens. The same qualities that make these communication based politics sturdy also make them vulnerable to problems of control, decision-making and collective identity (Ancu & Cozma, 2 009). The Coffee Party is an illustrative example of how this type of technology begins to realize deliberative discourse through technology; and also a study of how this discourse is constrained. Future research should consider both what we learned, and how new social and practice oriented designs can lead to greater citizen engagement. The rise of circulated electronic public domains may ultimately become the model for public facts in many areas of politics, whether launch or oppositional. It is clear that conventional news is disdainful from the attrition of audiences (more in commercial than in public service structures), and from the shattering of remaining audiences as channels increase. Perhaps the next step is a meticulously personalized information system in which the precincts of different issues and different political tactics become more permeable, enabling ordinary citizens to join campaigns, demonstrations, and virtual communities with few philosophical or partisan divisions. In this apparition, the current organizational weaknesses of Internet conscription may become a core resource for the growth of new global publics. References. Richard K. & Douglas MK. n.d. Oppositional Politics and the Internet: A Critical/ Reconstructive Approach. 704-725. Habermas, J. (2003). The theory of communicative action (1). Boston: Beacon Press. Agre, P. E. (2008). The Practical Republic: Social Skills and the Progress of Citizenship. In A. Feenberg (Ed.), Community in the Digital Age (pp. 201-224). Rowman and Littlefield. Ancu, M., & Cozma, R. (2009). MySpace Politics: Uses and Gratifications of Befriending Candidates. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(4), 567-583. Bimber, B. (2007). Information and political engagement in America: The search for effects of information technology at the individual level. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 53-67 Boeder P., n.d,‘Habermas’ heritage’: The future of the public sphere in the Network society. Volume 10, no. 9 – 5 September 2005. pp. 1-13[28th Nov. 2014]. Edward H, & Chomsky N., n.d. A propaganda Model p. 256-283 Source document

How to Be a Good Student Essay

Some people never learn effective study habits in high school. Thus, they may struggle through their first semester of college. A student should figure out how he studies the best. Many people cannot create a quality essay at four in the morning with the music playing and the television on. Although poor study habits may cause the student to struggle, which results in unhappiness, he can become connected by joining clubs, music groups, or sports that will help a person make more friends while balancing his life, thus making him a happier student. So, students should get involved! School does not have to be just about schoolwork. One should find an activity that his school offers, and he should join if his schedule allows. Yet, some people have a harder time adjusting to school than other people and may feel that success is impossible. However, a student can be successful in many ways, such as by being on time for class, managing his time and â€Å"study buddy†. For a student who wants to be successful, he must begin by getting to class on time. To do this, he should make next morning preparations on the night before, such as ironing his garments on the night before class. This will save him at least five to ten minutes in the morning, and he may use that time to read the newspaper or take out the garbage. He also should put gasoline in his vehicle after he runs his final errand for the day. This simple task will prevent him from having to wait for an available pump at the gas station in the morning when other people have decided to wait until the last minute to buy gas for their vehicles in their rush to work or school. Then, one should purchase an alarm clock and batteries if he does not already own one. After completing the buying process, he must set this clock two hours before his first class is scheduled to begin. He should set his alarm to wake him with the annoying â€Å"beep, beep, beep† sound rather than the sound of soothing music. He must also resist the urge to hit the snooze button, which could cause him to be late for class if he hits it too many times. By following these simple steps, he will have thirty minutes to prepare and eat a wholesome breakfast, which will benefit him by allowing him to be more focused during class instead of being distracted by the growling of his stomach. He will then have fifteen minutes to take a revitalizing shower, which will awaken his senses, fifteen minutes to groom, ten minutes to brush his teeth, twenty minutes to get dressed, five minutes to start the car and heat or cool the inside, fifteen minutes to drive to school, and ten minutes to get to his seat and settle in. By doing these daily activities in the allotted amount of time, the student will stay on schedule and be on time for class each day. The student must manage his time effectively. To achieve this goal, the student should designate specific hours to study and not take phone calls or accept visits because studying is more effective when the student has no distractions. The student remembers what he studies better at test time than he would if he were to stop periodically to talk on the telephone or visit with his friends. People should think of college as a full-time job by putting in an eight-hour day, including class and study time. This dedication will be evidenced in the student’s grades. One should keep in mind that planning ahead is not as bad as it sounds. For example, if a student’s first class begins at 9:00 a. m. and his last class ends at 1:00 p. m. , he could be done studying by 5:00 p. m. and have plenty of time for visiting with friends and watching television, which make the demands of being a full-time student less stressful. Therefore, students should find a way to make studying beneficial. Some students could really benefit from having a â€Å"study buddy† (someone to study with). The two could schedule a few hours in their assignment notebook for studying, and in the meantime, the two of them should take good notes during each class session. Students should be encouraged to take their own notes instead of borrowing someone else’s. Therefore, the student does not spend unnecessary time trying to make sense of the borrowed notes. Each student can create a quiz using the notes that he took in class. Since most people would not create the exact same materials, this technique should help the student to become prepared for tests, thus ensuring coverage of material from the notes each â€Å"study buddy† has taken during class. The quiz method will help guide the student in determining what study techniques he should use. Being punctual shows that the person respects rules and possesses knowledge of academic policies, managing one’s time and â€Å"study buddy† are all necessities for becoming a successful student. A person must also have certain desirable traits to remain successful. He should have a positive attitude to be assertive. He must have a sense of his goal to know why he gets up each morning at 7:00 a. m. because he could easily get a dead-end job and work the evening shift. He needs to be independent by doing so, he will know that he cannot and should not expect someone else to force him to do well in school. Most importantly, he should make the most of his education adventure. Most people generally get only one opportunity to succeed, so they should not let anything or anyone stand in the way of whatever they are trying to accomplish.

Open Source Alternatives for Small Business Research Paper

Open Source Alternatives for Small Business - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that in the past few years, open source technology has emerged as a very attractive trend which has caught the attention of a large number of software developers and organizations. Basically, open source software applications allow people to access the code of applications openly. In fact, they can make changes and update the software product. The standard invented in the application development industry in the late 90s, with a number of releases of open source products and operating systems, and it has while subtle into other societies also. Additionally, there are a number of powerful arguments intended for releasing anything in an open source format, whether it is a digital recording, a complete operating system (OS) or a software tool. One of the basic reasons behind the adoption of this trend is that this mode of software development and products allows end users to openly get an overview of the source code. So that they could make cha nges to it in order to match it with their requirements. In this scenario, it gives confidence for the sake of steady growth and modernism, as moreover building a community of shared data and information. In addition, a number of businesses those generate open source systems depend on modernisms of clients to increase characteristics as well as to recognize and fix possible feeble points, and these businesses enthusiastically give confidence for changing their technology-based products. based products (Smith, 2013; Wu, Gerlach, & Young, 2011; Gurbani, Garvert, & Herbsleb, 2005). In addition, the majority of people consider that all types of open source software applications and programs are free of charge. This is not, actually, the situation. A number of businesses manufacture open application that necessitates people to disburse for them, with the charges supporting development of innovative products and extra characteristics. It is as well general to observe shared source licenses on products, people pay for. For example, Apple Computer, releases a number of its technology through support of open licenses (Smith, 2013; Wu, Gerlach, & Young, 2011; Gurbani, Garvert, & Herbsleb, 2005). This paper presents a detailed analysis of an open source operating system ‘Ubuntu’. In this scenario, this research covers a number of aspects associated with this operating system. 2. Ubuntu The Ubuntu is an Operating system that works on the Linux platform which is rapidly gaining popularity and is the choice of many, who want a substitute for Windows. The majority of people want efficient and economical ways to interact digitally through the array of contemporary applications

How can we conserve biodiversity on a global scale using evidence from Essay

How can we conserve biodiversity on a global scale using evidence from evolution in deep time - Essay Example Because of the changes in the plate tectonics combined with the fossil remains of the ancient reefs which was formed approximately between 360 to 440 million years ago (Veron, 2004), rock formation that we have today is formed. Aside from the changes in the Earth’s surface, the extinction of each species may also contribute to the formation of a new species. In line with this matter, Fredrickson and Onstott (1996) discussed the possibility that the subterranean bacteria could have been responsible not only in the erosion process of rocks but also in terms of converting the minerals from one form to another. Millions of years ago, the atmosphere was composed of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, sulphur, and nitrogen gases (Brasier et al., 2002; Haynes, 2002). Biologists suspected that the presence of photosynthetic bacteria around two to three million years ago has changed the atmospheric condition we have today by releasing some oxygen into the atmosphere. (Haynes, 2002) The living fossils managed to survived hundreds of million years ago. However, 99.9% of all the species are now extinct (Raup, 1991, pp. 3 – 6). For this study, the past human and environmental factors that can significantly affect the extinction of some of plants, animals, micro-organisms, and the ecosystem among others will be thoroughly discussed followed by reflecting on how we can effectively conserve biodiversity on a global scale based on the identified major causes of extinction. As part of the conclusion, recommended ways on how we can prevent the mass destruction of biodiversity will be provided in details. Human actions can result to a significant change within the environmental. Because of heavy industrialization, the loss of habitat due to heavy pollution or the extinction of trees in the forests are among the common factors that could endanger the plant and animal

Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Samsung - Essay Example Samsung has correspondingly authenticated strategic approaches in its management that include partnership, talent and creativity. Samsung is thrilled concerning the future (Tae, 2012). As Samsung work up on previous achievements, it anticipates exploring fresh territories including medicine, biotechnology and health. Samsung is dedicated in being an inventive leader in fresh markets and turning into a No. 1 corporation going forward. This paper will describe Samsung’s environmental scanning, political environment, monetary environment, economic environment and legal environment. Samsung has strengthened its present prominent environmental scanning structure by assigning monitors for data in each business unit and by launching a managing information system for gathering and distributing information. Although. Samsung has entrusted some managerial decision attainment to its subdivisions, the head office is consolidating its control on tactical decisions (Woyke, 2011). The head o ffice is comprised of more 200 elite directors to oversee the group corporations. Samsung has augmented a three-year formulating structure to its current five-year planning structure to deal with the fast varying environment. Samsung draws up budget annually, but takes on a whole re-budget every six months (Rosenblatt, 2012). Severe recession together with an augmented challenge from underdeveloped nations has had an impact on electronics consumption. To create quality merchandises, Samsung is taking up a striving technology development approach. It has amplified research and growth investment. Samsung has established more fresh research centers in the Japan, China, U.S., and Germany to cultivate and obtain innovative technology (Woyke, 2011). With the surfacing of economic blocs, tariff barriers have augmented in developed countries. Most Samsung electronics merchandises have encountered trade hurdles, for instance, anti-dumping quotas and lawsuits. In some circumstances, hefty imp ort levies have been enforced and overseas venture has been exposed to local content procedures. Initially, according to Samsung’s website, Samsung constituted of four corporate groups (semiconductors, consumer electronics, information systems and telecommunications) and every corporate unit had its particular functional staff and president. In 1992, a prominent restructuring combined those four into one faction (Woyke, 2011). Currently one president together with one array of functional subdivisions runs Samsung. Similarly, the organization of overseas undertakings transformed from a worldwide division to merchandise sectors. Before reorganization, all the foreign subsidiaries were coordinated by a global corporate head office. Nowadays the appropriate product division controls the manufacturing affiliates, while the foreign corporate head office coordinates and supports foreign operations (Pang, 2012). Although the Samsung’s organization is not a wholesome form of wo rldwide product sector, the function of product factions is reinforced and the directors of product factions bear much more resolution authority than before (Woyke, 2011). Lately, Samsung's achievement within the tablet PC and smartphone segments has been faced by legal brawls with its chief rival, Apple. The two corporations have filed lawsuits

DHT2 capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

DHT2 capstone - Research Paper Example When blood sugar levels rise, risk of infection increases, and organs can fail. Morbidity and mortality result. Careful glycemic control is crucial to a diabetic’s survival and recovery. Nurses can take the lead in improving the implementation of ICU clinical protocol, and their critical thinking skills are invaluable for determining such protocol (Plost, Nelson, 2007, p 155). What obstacles prevent ICU nurses from full compliance with protocol for glycemic control during the first 48 hours of a diabetic patient’s stay in the ICU, and what steps will raise compliance? A2.Participants The participants in this study are registered nurses with bachelor’s degrees and at least two years of experience in the ICU, and they work together in the ICU of a community hospital. Most work full time, but several are part time. Nurses with less than two years of experience in the ICU are excluded. They range in age from 25 to 59; older nurses have been in the ICU for decades and younger ones seem poised for long careers, as well. Such longevity produces expertise, but also precludes innovation. These nurses come from different nationalities and ethnicities. Although their educational level are similar, their learning styles differ markedly. Also, what motivates each of them has an impact on the implementation of protocol. They have not been involved in developing protocol. The researcher observed a lack of compliance with protocol for glycemic control in the ICU. B1. B . Outline the problem: During the first 48 hours after ICU admittance, patients have poor glycemic control because the policy and protocol for blood glucose monitoring is not followed. In this community hospital, it has been observed the patients’ blood glucose level during the first 48 hours of their admission is high and is not being managed according to the national standard. The main problem is to identify the reasons nurses do not comply with the treatment plan. What causes nurse s to not follow the protocol? And how can we improve the compliance? B3.Causes of the problem Compliance with new legislation costs money. Examining and tracking the quality of care is a financial concern. In facilities with strict budgetary restraints like this one, pressures are enormous to delay or deny compliance. The facilities many not be able to comply in every aspects of patient’s care. This ICU does not have an internal audit nurse which could have been befitted to compliance program. Before something has become a clinical concern, compliance programs are especially ineffective. â€Å" The better trained the staff, the better the quality of care and the more compliant a facility will be (Abell,T,2011)†. All staff members need to respect compliance with regulations, a fact which is not observed in this ICU. Staff nurses are not sure if the protocol and previous training they have received was effective. How was the follow up? Staff is not aware of any. This ICU must ensure qualified educators are performing the training, and the protocol has to take into account the nurses’ level and the needs of the community. Interventions always have to be meaningful which is not observed in this ICU. Another concern nurses feel is that they are very busy in ICU with the acute care needs of the patient; there is not enough time, or not enough staff. Nurses believe

Effectiveness of Strategy at Subsidiary Level Essay

Effectiveness of Strategy at Subsidiary Level - Essay Example It is the method of aligning all the activities being undertaken in the organisation such as management, marketing, research and development and Computer information system in a prescribed way to achieve the goals of the organisation. The first step namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the business mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the business organisation in the business, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities. Strategy formulation also helps the business in deciding about the matters to be addressed on priority basis. There is not any organisation in the world which has unlimited resources. Therefore the business organisations need to evaluate which projects are important and need investment. The future of a business organisation is very much effected by the strategic decision of the management of the organisation. With the globalisation of the economy the concept of Multinational Enterprises is prevailing all over the world. An MNE is a differentiated network of internationally dispersed units, which are simultaneously embedded in two business contexts: the internal MNE and the external (host country) environment. Thus, the roles and/or strategies of subsidiaries are both shaped by and affecting these two contexts. A subsidiary has a dual role to play: it interacts with the rest of the MNE internally and with local partners externally. Firstly, while subsidiaries can benefit from knowledge flows from the rest of the MNE, they can also do so from the local partners in the host country, to enhance their level of competence and hence contribute to the overall competitive advantage of the MNE. Secondly, subsidiaries may also help or hurt their local partners during their external interactions in the host country business environment. It has been argued that the state of the economy of the host country has significant implications for the operation of the subsidiaries, and consequently for its strategy (Hunt and Morgan, 1995). Because of this the main macroeconomic concepts relating to the determination of economic activity, and related issues such as the inflation rate and the exchange rate, have been discussed in some detail. The various factors affecting the company should

The Mysterious Forest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Mysterious Forest - Essay Example I bet you will worship me after you see them for yourself. I know how much you love a mystery†, he said, tugging at her hands. Keira looked up at her best friend and seeing how earnest he was, she decided that he was not pulling her leg. She got up from the comfortable hammock in her house’s patio and headed off after Daryl towards the forest. Before leaving, she called out to her white shepherd dog, Snow, who she knew was aching for a walk since a long time. As she and Daryl trudged along, Keira wondered how she could have forgotten how far the forest was from her home. It certainly has been long since Daryl and I used to play there as kids, she thought. Aloud, she said, â€Å"Do not leave me in suspense, Dar. At least tell me what those markings look like. Is it related to a UFO or what?†. â€Å"I myself do not know for sure. I saw them in the morning when I went to take some leaves for my sister’s science project†, answered Daryl with a look of co nfusion on his face while he fed Snow some biscuits he had brought along. When they finally reached the edge of the forest, Snow suddenly started barking and tugging at the chain. â€Å"Whoa! Easy girl†, Keira murmured, â€Å"What has got into you?†. Looking around, Keira noticed that it was getting pretty dark outside as they had left for the forest just before night started to fall in. She was just about to suggest coming back the next day, when Snow broke loose of the chain and bounded off into the forest. â€Å"SNOW!†, Keira and Daryl shouted at the same time and ran behind her. Branches and leaves whipped at their hair and faces while Daryl and Keira dashed blindly through the forest. They could hear Snow’s barking in the distant, but no matter how far they ran or how loud they called her name; her barks seemed to be going farther and farther. Daryl started slowing down and whispered, â€Å"Wait wait!†. Keira reluctantly stopped, waiting impat iently for him to catch his breath. The moon was right above their heads by now, allowing Keira to clearly make out the fright on Daryl’s face. In fact, the whole forest was lit up by the moonlight, making the tall trees cast eerie shadows everywhere. Keira felt a pang of fright herself; Snow’s barking had stopped by now which meant that Daryl and she were all alone in an unfamiliar area of the forest. Suddenly, she heard Snow yelp in pain and then everything was silent again. Before she could even react, Daryl started muttering, â€Å"No no no no it cannot be. The markings were on the other side of the forest† , backing away from her. The moon was about to get covered by clouds, but before everything went dark, Keira caught a glimpse of Daryl’s eyes- they were wide with fear and staring past her. She quickly turned around and squinted into the dark clearing ahead of her. But before she could make out anything, she heard the rustling of leaves and the cru nching sound of someone heavy walking towards them from the clearing. Daryl let out a startled cry and took off into the forest, away from her. However, Keira was rooted to the spot with fear. All sorts of things went through her mind, especially the recent news reports on television about children going missing and ending up dead. The snap of a twig brought her back to her senses, causing her to whip around and start running like crazy. Keira did not know where her feet were leading her to because the only thing on her mind was to get away from this place or rather, this ‘presence’. Suddenly, she slipped on the wet floor and losing her balance, fell hard on the ground. While struggling to get up, her hands bumped against something cold and clammy. She jolted with fear, but before she could let out a scream, Daryl’

Hould the pharmaceutical industry be providing free medication to Research Paper

Hould the pharmaceutical industry be providing free medication to those who cannot afford it - Research Paper Example First, if medicines are made available to those who cannot afford them, this is a promotion of fundamental human rights. Specifically, this will help promote the access to health. Pharmaceutical companies have unique human rights responsibilities and this requires that they include the aspect of human rights in their operations (Nwobike, 2006). This industry has a human rights obligation of protecting the right to health to all. This then obligates them to make such drugs available to those who need them even if they may not be able to afford them. This is particularly the case when epidemics such as AIDS are considered. Pharmaceutical corporations should thus put mechanisms in place to ensure that a certain percentage of their profits are directed towards proving free medications to the poor. Just like many other corporations, the pharmaceutical industry has a big influence in promoting human rights, and providing free medications is one of the strategies that can be used to achieve this. Opponents of this view have argued that pharmaceutical companies are like any other corporations and hence should not be treated differently. It is argued that compelling them to provide free medicines would mean that they are treated unfairly. However, it is clear that their violations of human rights are manifested differently and are usually instant (Nwobike, 2006). In many cases, a patient who fails to receive the necessary medication ends up dying, or suffering permanent complications that affect their lives. This demands that in view of the human rights aspect, the pharmaceutical industry needs to be treated differently. Agencies charged with the responsibility of promoting human health, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), should play develop principles and frameworks that will help the pharmaceutical industry provide free medications to those who

Tesla Motors Essay Example for Free

Tesla Motors Essay Elon Musk successfully established Tesla Motors as one of the leaders in the electric vehicle industry since his induction as CEO in 2008. Tesla Motors designs, manufactures, and sells electric cars and powertrain components. The company also provides services for the development of powertrain systems and components, and sells electric powertrain components to other automotive manufacturers. It markets and sells its vehicles through Tesla stores as well as over the internet (Mora 2014, 1). Consumers and companies are looking to save at the pump, and what better way to do so than with electric vehicles (Mora 2014, 1)? Through government support and raised capital, Musk has put Tesla in an advantageous position to capitalize on the growing electric vehicle market. Battery electric vehicles will increase at a 31.5% compound annual growth over the next seven years (Navigant Research 2013). With Musk’s leadership and innovation, Tesla plans on boosting sales by increasing current production of the Model S, introducing the Model X SUV in 2015, and introducing the more affordable Gen III by 2017 (Recharge Now, Forbes 2013). â€Å"Tesla has now crept onto the top ten list for brand perception, as ranked by Consumer Reports† (Ingram 2013, 1). Tesla is exceeding their own expectations as more consumers are becoming familiar with their company. In 2013, sales totaled to 22,450, while forecasts were set at 21,500 (Ohnsman). All of this success has resulted in Tesla’s stock rising nearly $100 this past year (Yahoo Finance 2014). With people increasingly worrying about the harmful effects of combustion engines on the environment and the limited supply of oil, the market for electric cars has a ton of potential. While there is tons of potential for Tesla, the truth is that they have yet to make an annual profit. Yes, they did raise their revenue from $413 million to $2 billion in the last year, but this still resulted in a net loss of $74 million (Yahoo Finance 2014). This loss is primarily due to the high cost of goods sold, which is why it is so important to keep researching and developing cheaper ways to produce their technology. â€Å"Few expect to trim electric-car battery costs by more than 20%-30% by the planned 2016† (Recharge Now, Forbes 2013). Increasing sales indicates a positive future for Tesla, but if they are unable to effectively reduce the cost of goods their financial condition will suffer. Next, we will examine the opportunities that Tesla could capitalize on with their substantial growth over the past few years. Being that oil is a limited resource, it’s only a matter of time before the supply becomes extremely scarce, resulting in skyrocketing oil prices. This event should cause a major shift to the use of electric vehicles. The average consumer cannot afford the $90,000 and up Model S, but many are still interested in owning an electric vehicle. Musk realizes this opportunity and has begun developing a more affordable model known as the Gen III. In order to launch this model at a price point of around $35,000 Tesla must drastically reduce the cost of batteries. Tesla unveiled details about a plan to build a â€Å"gigafactory†. It will cost them $5 billion, but it will reduce battery costs by an impressive 30% in the first year (Trefis 2014, 1). At peak production, this factory will be able to produce 50 gigawatt-hours of batteries in a year, more than the entire world’s current production (Trefis 2014,2). At this point, Tesla could provide surplus batteries to the electronic industry and potentially become a leading producer of energy storage. Despite all of this, there are potential threats to Tesla’s business, mainly the competition they face in the alternative fuel vehicle market. Many established and upcoming automobile manufacturers have entered, or plan on entering this market. For example, BMW, Cadillac, Porsche, and Audi are promoting new plug-in models aimed at affluent consumers (White 2013, 1). Established luxury brands are muscling on to Teslas turf in part because government policies are forcing them to, and in part because they see Mr. Musk peeling away influential trendsetters they dont want to lose (White 2013, 2). The impact of these new luxury plug-ins on Tesla will depend on whether they are trying to expand the segment, or merely go after the same consumers. With Elon Musk’s plan to increase production of the Model S, while introducing two new vehicles by 2015 and 2017, the Model X and Gen III, we  should expect to see continued success from Tesla Motors. If Musk successfully reduces operational costs and offers consumers an affordable Tesla model, he may trigger an amazing turning point in the auto industry and leave a lasting impression on the world. Works Cited Alpert, Bill. â€Å"Recharge Now!† Forbes. 10 June 2013. Web. 16 October 2013. â€Å"Electric Vehicle Market Forecasts. Navigant Research. Navigant Consulting Inc, 2014. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. Ingra, Antony. Tesla Gains In Brand Awareness. Green Car Reports. High Gear Media, 4 Feb. 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. Mora, Victor. Is Tesla Motors an Attractive Investment? Wall St. Cheat Sheet. Wall St Cheat Sheet, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. Ohnsman, Alan. Tesla Rises After Model S Sales in 2013 Exceed Forecast. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 15 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. â€Å"Tesla Motors Inc. (TSLA).† Yahoo Finance. Web. 13 March 2014. http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=tslaql=1. Trefis. Gigafactory Will Cost Tesla $5 Billion But Offers Significant Cost Reductions. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 11 Mar. 2014. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. White, Joseph B. BMW, Cadillac Aim to Pull Plug on Tesla With Pricey New Cars. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones Company, 20 Nov. 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.

Chronic Low Back Pain and Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening

Chronic Low Back Pain and Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening Introduction Chronic Low Back Pain is a common condition now a days and refers to pain localized to lower back or lumbar spine. It is common with in adult population and there is limited research available about using the Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening Exercise as a physiotherapy treatment for this condition. In this essay, Chronic Low Back Pain and Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening Exercise will be explained briefly and its significance to physiotherapy practice will be discussed with reference to a Randomised Control Trial (RCT) by Manisha Rathi (Appendix A). Furthermore, the philosophical assumptions underpinning this study will be analysed. Finally, by using a critiquing tool (Appendix B) ,the study will be then critiqued for its strengths and limitations. Significance of the Issue Chronic Low Back Pain is a common musculoskeletal problem in modern society. Around 70 % to 85% of population will experience low back pain at some time in their life; and 5% to 15% will develop chronic low back pain (Liddle, Baxter, Gracey, 2004). Low back pain is defined as pain, muscle tension, or stiffness below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain (Koes, Tulder Thomas, 2006) and Chronic low back pain is classified as pain and disability lasting for more than 12 week duration (Philadelphia panel, 2001). It commonly occurs in young age when people are in their twenties. Back and spine impairments are common in women with the value of 70.3 per 1000 population than in man where there is 57.3 per 1000 population( Andersson Gunnar, 1999). The common causes of low back pain includes stressed or irritated muscle or ligament. The strain develops over a period of time due to poor posture and when posture is not corrected, strain builds up and eventually stretches or irritates muscle or ligament producing low back pain (E.R. Viera, S Kumar 2007). Another important cause related to the development of chronic low back pain includes imbalance between flexor and extensor muscles of trunk including respiratory muscles and muscles of continence, which are responsible for spinal and pelvic support (Hides et al.,2001, Cholewicki et al., 2005) . Most important symptoms of chronic low back pain are functional disability and pain (Koes et al.,2006). Exercise therapy is widely recommended for the treatment of low back pain (Rasmussen- Barr, Ang, Arvidsson and Nilsson Wikmar, 2009). Pelvic floor exercises that contribute to the contraction of abdominals and lumbopelvic stability seems to be more effective than conventional treatment.( Manisha Rathi,2013). Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) form the base of abdominal cavity. Except for, their importance in patients with urinary and faecal incontinence, PFM also play vital role in proper muscle activation for stabilization and unloading of lumbar spine. Furthermore, Pelvic floor muscle contraction have also shown to produce contraction of abdominal muscles and vice -versa (Sapsford and Hodges, 2001). Morkved et al.(2007) suggest that group training (Pelvic floor muscle exercises, aerobic exercises and additional exercises) during pregnancy also provide evidence of beneficial effects in preventing lumbopelvic pain. According to Manisha Rathi (2013), there are very little published evidence to measure the effect of Pelvic floor muscle exercises in the management of chronic low back pain and hence the study was conducted, which further supported the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle exercise in females with chronic low back pain. Moreover, this physiotherapeutic intervention combined with conventional treatment seems to refurbish the functional ability as well as manage the pain in the females with chronic low back pain. Philosophical Assumptions Underpinning Quantitative Research Understanding of research can improve the depth of professional healthcare practice. Being a person trained in healthcare calls for clinical choices based on best existing research evidence (Polit and Beck 7th ed. p. 4). There are various research designs present, to offer us the appropriate information to support our clinical reasoning. This segment will discover the philosophical assumptions underpinning the research methodology used by Manisha Rathi (2013) in her study regarding the effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle strengthening exercises in chronic low back pain. This is a randomised control trial which is a true experimental type of research characterised by randomisation and control group to minimise systematic bias (Polit and Beck 7th ed. p. 225-226). The Positivist Paradigm The positivist paradigm underlies the existence of some reality and in this, much research activity is directed towards understanding and knowing it (Polit and Beck,7th ed. p.15). The recent evidence-based practice movement is an example of positivist approach to knowing (Grant Giddings, 2002, pg.14) . According to the Grant Giddings Knowledge is to be discovered so that people can explain, predict and control events. The knowledge can be acquired through research and helps with professional decision making and practice, which can lead us to best quality in health care (Polit Beck,7th ed., Grant and Giddings, 2002). Exploring the Research title Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle strengthening exercises in chronic low back pain, the title makes it understand that the authors were trying to find out the effects of pelvic floor muscle exercises aspiring to improve the treatment plan for a group of individuals. It shows the approach of Manisha Rathi (2013) to be following the Positivist Para digm. In a positivist approach, RCT is valid to a great extent as its methodology is rated higher than others because of the type of evidence it produces(Grant and Giddings, 2002). This is another hint that Manisha Rathi(2013) was utilizing the positivist approach, as she is attempting to give information about a treatment plan by conducting a randomised control trial which is believed to produce the best evidence (Grant Giddings, 2002). Determinism Determinism is an assumption of positivist paradigm and refers to belief that phenomena i.e. observable facts and events are not haphazard or random but rather have antecedent causes (Polit and Beck, 7th ed.). Specifically, it can be said that all events occur pursuant to preceding laws or events. Manisha Rathi(2013) demonstrate determinism in her study by giving the evidence that chronic low back pain can be caused by imbalance between various muscles of trunk including respiratory muscles and muscles of continence (Pelvic floor muscles), which are responsible for spinal and pelvic support and that pelvic floor muscle exercise may show positive effects on the population suffering from this ailment. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles (Polit and Beck 7th ed. p.11). In other words, it is the formation of reasoning from various general statements and involves pre specified design and emphasis on specific concepts. According to Roberts and Burke (1989) It refers to an approach in which a narrow conclusion is reached, based on broader set of premises i.e. general knowledge or other research findings. For positivists, the deductive process is an approach from which one can become aware of a single reality and hypotheses are tested on the basis of a theory (DePoy Gitlins, 2005). Deductive reasoning was demonstrated by Manisha Rathi (2013), as a proper review of the study was done, which helped to form and test the hypotheses that Pelvic Floor Muscle exercise could be beneficial for patients with Chronic low back pain. Objectivity Objective methods are appreciated in quantitative research as much as possible. Objectivity is the extent to which two independent researchers would turn up to an identical or uniform conclusion i.e. judgements are not biased on the basis of personal beliefs (Polit and Beck, 7th ed. p. 340, 562). Manisha Rathis (2013) study demonstrates the basis of objectivity, as the participants had to undergo a particular inclusion and exclusion criteria which assured that only subjects (married females) of a particular age group with chronic low back pain, having persistent symptoms of pain and functional disability for more than twelve weeks must be included in the study. Pregnant females, females having Urogenital dysfunction, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Nerve injury to pelvic floor muscle, any pathology of spine or lower limb were excluded in order to avoid the bias. Defined Protocol and Empirical Evidence In Experimental research, researchers have the Independent variable, which means that the participants are exposed to different treatments or conditions. An Intervention protocol is necessary for the study to develop and specify exactly what intervention will entail i.e. who would administer it, how frequently and for how long a treatment would last. (Polit and Beck, 7th ed.). Manisha Rathi (2013) has followed a specific modules which included subjects enrolment process, their allocation of control group and treatment group and data analysis through different statistical methods. A proper treatment protocol was executed to confirm that the type of treatment and duration received by all the subjects were same. Empirical evidence, according to Polit et al. (7th ed.) is the evidence rooted in objective reality and collected through data collection, utilizing ones own senses rather than through personal beliefs or hunches. Evidence for a study in a positivist paradigm is gathered systematically, using formal instruments to collect the required information. In the study Manisha Rathi (2013) manipulated the independent variables to observe the results. The pain was determined by using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the functional disability was determined by Oswestry Disability Index. Critique According to Polit Beck,(7th ed.) A studys strengths and limitations can be assessed by critiquing of the research. The reviewers summary of the merits of the study, advice regarding the value of the evidence, and suggestions about improving the study or the report is concluded in a critique. According to Polit and Hungler (6th ed.), the quality of a research is closely related to the kinds of decisions the researcher has made in conceptualizing, designing, executing and interpreting the results of the study and critiquing further helps to provide a feedback. A Critiquing tool (ref. to Appendix B) has been used to explore and examine the strengths and limitations of the study done by Manisha Rathi (2013), which will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The Title, Abstract and Study Purpose The title of the study by Manisha Rathi (2013), is concise and gives us the information and indication about the content of study. It also reflects the research approach and the population examined. The abstract compiles the aim, research design, population, method used, results and a conclusion which provides us a brief information about the overview of the theoretical model underlying the research along with what a reader is going to find in the research paper. The result and conclusion provides a basis and creates a curiosity for a further detailed reading. Manisha Rathi (2013) has precisely determined the studys purpose of investigating the efficacy of a therapeutic exercise (Pelvic Floor Exercise) method, on a particular population, in the studys title and abstract. This is an important issue in the field of physiotherapy practice, as Chronic low back pain is a very common ailment within the adult population and the symptoms like increased pain and disability hampers the activities of daily living and is required to be addressed properly. Research Design and Research Hypotheses Manisha Rathi (2013) has applied a true-experimental design (pre test post test control group design ) and cause effect was tested through the hypothesis that PFM exercises could be of benefit for the patients with chronic low back pain. In this study the hypothesis was formulated, followed by a literature review, and then hypothesis was confirmed by process of various measurements and statistical methods. The research design was appropriate as per the research purpose and it also minimized bias and replication of this study is also possible as the study was well explained. Literature review The literature review done by Manisha Rathi (2013) was brief, up to date and included all the important information required for the study. It provides a solid basis for the new study. It was also portrayed and organised in an easy manner to understand, as it started with an introduction of low back pain, its classification, clinical factors and symptoms followed by brief information about the pelvic floor muscles exercises. Study Sample Manisha Rathi (2013) conducted a randomised control study on thirty married females, under the age group between 20- 40 years, with chronic low back pain. They were divided by random allocation into two groups i.e. an experimental and a control group. The researcher has given a good information and has well described the study sample of females with Chronic low back pain. She has followed a particular inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria for the selection of participants in order to minimize bias which strengthens the studys internal validity and also might help in getting efficient results. However, the trial was carried on a small sample size i.e. only on thirty females, 15 in each group (group A and group B). Ethical Considerations The ethical approval was granted for Manisha Rathis(2013) study by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Pune. The study was conducted in the Out Patient Department of the college and an informed consent was obtained from all the participants. However, it is not mentioned whether the participants were fully aware about the nature of the research or not. Data Collection and Analysis Methods of gathering data was appropriate. Pre intervention readings and post intervention readings were taken on the 1st day of visit and at the end of 4 weeks respectively. However, there were no follow ups. Manisha Rathi (2013), in her study, assessed pain intensity, in a subjective way, by utilizing Visual Analogue Scale and functional disability was also assessed in a subjective way, by utilizing Oswestry Disability Index , which is a reliable questionnaire. Study Results The study done by Manisha Rathi (2013) shows that the research hypotheses was adequately answered as there was improvement in pain and functional disability levels, following the treatment. Manisha Rathi(2013) has shown her findings in the graphs and has given the P value, which makes it easy to understand and co-relate the results with her conclusion. The Findings based on Manisha Rathis (2013) study would help physiotherapists to achieve better and efficient results while treating patients of Chronic low back pain with the help of Pelvic Floor Muscle exercises. However, limitations of the study includes that the pain intensity and functional disability were measured in a subjective way, on a small sample size and no follow up for treatment was done. Also, EMG and ultrasound was not done for objective outcome measures such as muscle activity and muscle thickness. Discussion The study done by Manisha Rathi(2013) supports the hypothesis that Pelvic Floor Muscle exercise could be of benefit for the patients with Chronic low back pain. Furthermore, the findings and results of her study were well linked to the facts and information provided by her in the literature review which forms a strong base of the study. Refrences Manisha Rathi (2013), has explored and gathered an ample amount of literature from various studies done in the past. This might be because low back ache is a very common condition and many studies have already been done on this ailment and its treatment. Appendix B Critiquing Tool The title Is it concise yet informative? Is the research approach suggesting the key phenomenon? Is the population group identified? The abstract Are the study area, methods, processes, conclusions and implications correctly and concisely described? Where the aims and/or objectives stated ? Does it provide a good basis for deciding whether or not the study is worth reading? Study purpose Is the purpose of the study/research problem clearly identified and relevant to your practice? Research design and research hypothesis Is there a framework/theory to guide the study? Is it appropriate? Who will be studied? What is the plan for conducting the study? Are all variables described? Does the hypothesis reflect the purpose of the study? Literature review Is the literature review provide a solid basis for the new study? Study sample Who is identified as the target population? How were the subjects chosen (e.g., randomly, conveniently)? Who is included? Who is excluded? Is the sample size sufficient? Ethical considerations Were the participants fully informed about the nature of the research? Was ethical permission granted for the study? Data collection and analysis What steps were taken to collect the data? How often was data collected and for how long? What instruments or tools were used? Are the tools adequately described for you to understand what the score means? Were data analysis procedures appropriate? Study results Is the research hypothesis answered? Could you make a change in your practice based on the results of this study? What are the strengths to using the information learned? What are the limitations or the gaps in the study? Discussion Are the findings linked back to the literature review? If a hypothesis was identified, was it supported? References Were all the books, journals and other media alluded to in the study accurately referenced? Sources Polit Beck.(2010) Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice(7th ed.) Lippincott.(pg no.102-103) Ryan, F., Coughlan , M., Cronin, P.(2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 2: qualitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16, 11, 738-744. Schneider , Elliott , Lo Biondo Wood, Haber (2003), Nursing research methods, critical appraisal and utilisation. (2nd ed.). . 1

Culture and Technology: A Symbiotic Relationship :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Culture and Technology: A Symbiotic Relationship Throughout human history the fundamental driving force behind any change culturally or technologically is the human goal. The innate human ability for abstract thought has made us able to project a plan for our own future. Originally our foresight directly pertained to our own survival, making our way to the next meal, and perpetually intertwined with our interaction with and relationship to our own environment. The living environments that we experience include the places where we live, those that we visit, and anything else that constitutes what we may see or do. Therefore our relationship to the environment which we experience is very location-dependant in terms of resources and environmental factors. For example, nomadic people who live in the desert lead drastically different lives to those who live in the rainforest or those who live in cities. In this way many different human cultures developed all over earth, and have had varying effects on the development of culture and tech nology. I believe that these different cultures provided different goals for each society that motivated technological innovations at different time and for different reasons. As we all, no doubt, see everyday the advent of technology has greatly affected our living environment. Twenty years ago hardly anyone had heard of the internet, and now it’s a worldwide information superhighway. People have made their lives revolve solely around the internet; fortunes have been won and lost on the computer industry. But there are countless other examples of how technology has molded and changed cultures, and so I also believe that technology and culture have a symbiotic relationship; they feed off of and grow from one another similar to what we have dubbed a feedback loop in our class discussions. There are many examples where cultural needs drive technological change, and inspire innovation. In many cases the most fundamental need of any human culture is the need to know what happens after we die, or the need to answer questions about things that happen outside of our control. Humans have used religion to help allay some of their fears of the unknown, and to help to explain why things are the way they are. â€Å"Religion is sort of like love—it’s difficult to define, yet everyone thinks he or she knows what it means. †¦Religious or spiritual belief is clearly both a product and a critical part of most human natures.

Modern Aboriginal Issues Essay -- Aboriginals Australia History Essays

Modern Aboriginal Issues The first Europeans to settle Australia treated the Aboriginals in a brutal, unfair manor. They downgraded Aboriginals to a lower status as human beings. They tried to force the Aboriginals to conform to the western way of life for more than 200 years. It is only fairly recently that the Aboriginals have finally been able to gain back some of their indigenous rights and traditions. Yet they are still deficient in many areas. The land that their ancestors held has not all been returned to them, they struggle to meet the requirements of western education systems, and they have a very limited access to health care. In spite of these problems, many aboriginals are working to better themselves and their community. It will just take time for the western and Aboriginal cultures to merge into the one final Australian society Introduction The Aboriginal people have undergone much change and turmoil in the 220 years since the British first started a colony. They have seen their land and their freedom stripped away. The Aboriginal people are slowly regaining ground after two centuries of unfair political and social treatment. How far have Aboriginal people come, and how far do they have to go, before they will truly be equal citizens? To answer this question, one must first look at how they were forced to the bottom of the ladder. Next, some of the recent changes that have occurred in government policy and social acceptance will be looked at. Finally, education and health care as faced by the Aboriginals in their lives daily will be discussed. History The problems facing Aboriginals today are many an... ...lian Nursing Journal. 11(9):37. Fasoli, Lyn, Margot Ford. 2001. "Indigenous early childhood educators' narratives: Relationships, not activities." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 26(3):18-22. Griffiths, Max. 1995. Aboriginal Affairs, A Short History. Kangaroo Press Pty Ltd, Kenthurst NSW. Howitt, Richard. 1998. â€Å"Recognition, respect and reconciliation: steps towards decolonization?† Australian Aboriginal Studies. 1998(1):28-34. Mail, Koori. 2001. "Course provides local EN opportunities". Australian Nursing Journal 9(5):33. Mary Greely Medical Center. Website. www.mgmc.org/about/stats.htm. Accessed April 20, 2005. Windisch, Lydia E., Vickii B. Jenvey; Marlene Drysdale. 2003. "Indigenous parents' ratings of the importance of play, indigenous games and language, and early childhood education." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 28(3):50-56. Modern Aboriginal Issues Essay -- Aboriginals Australia History Essays Modern Aboriginal Issues The first Europeans to settle Australia treated the Aboriginals in a brutal, unfair manor. They downgraded Aboriginals to a lower status as human beings. They tried to force the Aboriginals to conform to the western way of life for more than 200 years. It is only fairly recently that the Aboriginals have finally been able to gain back some of their indigenous rights and traditions. Yet they are still deficient in many areas. The land that their ancestors held has not all been returned to them, they struggle to meet the requirements of western education systems, and they have a very limited access to health care. In spite of these problems, many aboriginals are working to better themselves and their community. It will just take time for the western and Aboriginal cultures to merge into the one final Australian society Introduction The Aboriginal people have undergone much change and turmoil in the 220 years since the British first started a colony. They have seen their land and their freedom stripped away. The Aboriginal people are slowly regaining ground after two centuries of unfair political and social treatment. How far have Aboriginal people come, and how far do they have to go, before they will truly be equal citizens? To answer this question, one must first look at how they were forced to the bottom of the ladder. Next, some of the recent changes that have occurred in government policy and social acceptance will be looked at. Finally, education and health care as faced by the Aboriginals in their lives daily will be discussed. History The problems facing Aboriginals today are many an... ...lian Nursing Journal. 11(9):37. Fasoli, Lyn, Margot Ford. 2001. "Indigenous early childhood educators' narratives: Relationships, not activities." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 26(3):18-22. Griffiths, Max. 1995. Aboriginal Affairs, A Short History. Kangaroo Press Pty Ltd, Kenthurst NSW. Howitt, Richard. 1998. â€Å"Recognition, respect and reconciliation: steps towards decolonization?† Australian Aboriginal Studies. 1998(1):28-34. Mail, Koori. 2001. "Course provides local EN opportunities". Australian Nursing Journal 9(5):33. Mary Greely Medical Center. Website. www.mgmc.org/about/stats.htm. Accessed April 20, 2005. Windisch, Lydia E., Vickii B. Jenvey; Marlene Drysdale. 2003. "Indigenous parents' ratings of the importance of play, indigenous games and language, and early childhood education." Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 28(3):50-56.

Adolf Hitler Essay examples -- essays research papers

Adolf Hitler On April 20, 1889, the world was changed forever when Adolf Hitler was born to Alois and Klara Hitler in a little town named Braunau-am-Inn, Austria. Alois worked as a customs officer on the border crossing near their hometown. Adolf was the third born in his family, but first to survive. Later would come Edmund, who would live to the age of six, and Paula who would live to out survive Adolf himself. With a poor record in school, Adolf Hitler dropped out with ambitions of becoming an artist. Alois passed away when Adolf was thirteen, so Klara raised Adolf and Paula on her own. Between the ages of sixteen and nineteen is when Adolf Hitler began to become interested in politics. Then, in 1909, Klara Hitler died of cancer and Adolf moved to Vienna in hope of earning a living. Within a year he was living in homeless shelters and eating at charity soup kitchens though. In 1913, Adolf moved to Munich, Germany and volunteered for service in the Germany Army at the outbreak of the First World War. He was accepted into the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. Hitler was promoted to corporal and decorated with the Iron Cross Second Class and First Class, he wore the Second Class Iron Cross until his dying day. Ironically, the captain who recommended him for the award was a Jewish man. After this, he began to join a few local army organizations with the mindset of persuading returning soldiers not to turn to communism or pacifism. Hitler was gave his first speech to a large audience. This meeting was a great success, so afterward he organized a much larger event for a crowd of nearly two thousand in Munich Germany. The party was the National Socialist German Workers Party, otherwise known as the Nazi party for short. Shortly after this speech in February, Adolf Hitler was discharged from the army. He continued to expand his influential power inside the party; he began to form groups of friends, thugs, which helped to break up opposing party meetings later. Hitler became the main speaker at all party events, and in 1920 chose the now hated swastika as the Nazi party emblem. By 1921, Adolf Hitler had gained the majority of the support of the Nazi party, and became the leader of the Nazi party with dictatorial powers. But in 1923, Hitler tried to overthrow the German Weimar Republic by force known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Despite capturing the l... ...g countries, he formed alliances with Mussolini and other nations, he had world conquest in sight and he was trying to conquer his neighbors in one blow. Hitler’s main problem was he started to fight to many wars; he had to many fronts to defend so he couldn’t keep his defense fortification strong enough. So his empire began to fall, and his country with it. He was slowly driven back, and his troops moral was declining fast. His dream was over. On May 1, at 9:30 in the evening, Hamburg radio told Germans that a grave announcement was to be made, that the Fuehrer had fallen a war hero. But he didn’t actually die in combat, one theory is that Adolf Hitler was told about his death, and read about it in the London paper obituaries. He actually committed suicide on the previous day in the bunker under the Reich chancellery, where he had been since January 16, 1945. Adolf Hitler’s dream of a one-world government was a good idea and dream; it just came to a corrupt and insane man in a time period that was impossible for such a dream. The world would have been a radically different place if this one man would have had a few small things go different for him during his time of power.

Conformity Paper Essay

Conformity affects one’s behavior. There are two primary reasons why individuals conform. First, people conform due to informational social influence. What this means is that people rely on others’ judgment about an ambiguous situation and use such judgment in choosing a particular course of action. The second reason is normative social influence. This refers to conforming simply to be accepted. Conformity is a big issue in most people’s lives. In my case, there has been numerous times wherein I relied on other people’s judgment to make a certain decision. The very simple example is determining what hair style would suit me best. I have consulted and asked for advice from my friends and family for this very simple matter. I could not decide for myself and I had to rely on their judgment. Another case wherein informational social influence was a factor for me was when I was deciding which course to take. To me, such decision seemed very confusing. There were too many options. Thus, I needed to consult my parents. I asked them their opinion and ended up following what it was they advised me to do. Informational social influence is very evident in society particularly in advertising. Companies use advertisements wherein they promote their product by showing surveys conducted that show their product as the preferred choice of the majority. This is meant to influence consumers to follow suit. Most people would think, â€Å"If most people choose this, then it must be the best choice.† In other words, they leave their judgment to other people. This is a very good demonstration of how informational social influence affects the decision making and behavior of individuals. In the case of the second reason for conformity, normative social influence, I have had several experiences wherein it played a factor in my behavior at the given time. This was especially true during my teenage years. When I was a teenager, I felt the need to fit in. I wanted to be among the popular kids at school. In order to be among the popular crowd, I tried to do everything that the popular ones did. I dressed as I saw them dress, I talked and acted as they did. However, I noticed that the more I tried to be like them, the more they seemed to be distant. More importantly, my real friends and my family began to question me as to why I was doing things that were unexpected of me. As I grew older and matured, I began to realize that not only were my attempts in vain, they were ridiculous and unnecessary. Nowadays, every time I look back on those days, I cannot help but to laugh. â€Å"Fitting in† is a big problem for most teenagers. That is why most teenagers get into various kinds of trouble. Some teenage girls get pregnant at a very early age simple because they thought that losing their virginity would make them more welcomed in the popular crowd. On the other hand, boys end up joining gangs as they search for a sense of belongingness. Drugs and alcohol also are common problems that teenagers face because of their wanting to fit in and be accepted by their peers. Basically, this is where the concept of peer pressure comes in. Peer pressure is simply the result of normative social influence. Teenagers feel the pressure from their friends to do certain things. They feel that if they do not do as what their peers do, they will end up being scorned and laughed at. For a teenager, humiliation is a big drawback. This is the reason why teenagers end up changing their behavior simply to be accepted by others.

References to the Moon in Paul Austers Moon Palace

References to the moon in Paul Austers Moon Palace * Frequently dealing with the moon * Already at the beginning the moon is mentioned with the first Landing on the moon * page 7 line 1: * â€Å"It was the summer that men first walked on the moon. â€Å" Introduction of the leitmotif; outlines the time in which the story approximately takes place * page 18/ 19: * â€Å"Moonlight Moodsâ€Å";. â€Å"Moon Menâ€Å" * page 38 line 21- 25: * â€Å"†¦ Radiant Diana, I thought†¦ â€Å" Diana is the Roman god of the moon. The male counterpart is Sol(? -omon) who is the god of the sun. * page 39 line 51- 52: â€Å"Perhaps the word moon had changed for me after I saw men wandering about its surface. â€Å" Marco learns that the moon is reachable and so is also his aim (to find his identity). * page 77 line 50 – 53: * â€Å"†¦ they (Kitty`s visits) were natural events, and they carried the same force and inevitability as the weather, the motions of the planets, or the light that came filtering through the window at three o`clock every afternoon †¦ † This means that Kitty`s visits are regularly because the circulation of the planets always happens in the same succession. page 85 line 48 – 50: * † †¦ the point was to accept things as they were, to drift along with the flow of the universe †¦ † This passage is linked to Marco`s life in the parc when he didn`t make any effort to reach something. He only wanted to keep on living just as the planets are rotating without being influenced by any other subject than nature. * page 86 line 29 – 31: * † †¦ within the next ten days or so, I believe I put on eighteen or twenty pounds, and by the end of the month I was beginning to resemble the person I had once been †¦ Marco`s siuation is compared with the moon: After a certain time of change the moon turns into his initial condition. * page 100 line 32- 33: * â€Å"The sun is the past, th e earth is the present, the moon is the future. â€Å" This is a link to Marco`s future. After 9 months when he reads Nicola Tesla`s autobiography he finds the same sentence. * page 139 line 50- 54: * Marco is looking at a picture showing the moon but he isn`t able to recognize the real meaning of the painting immediately. Marco`s life is compared with this. * page 155 line 58- 60: The moon is a sign giving orientation towards Marco`s life. * page 252 line 30- 32: * Sol puts the origins of the Indians having saved John Kepler from death to the moon. * page 255 line 56- 57: * The moon is a symbol of darkness and lunacy but it also reflects a new beginning. The earth around Utah resembles the surface of the moon. * page 302 line 11- 14: * Marco`s real life starts when he is looking at the moon. Now, he has succeeded his quest for identity so he can re- enact how important it is to have a point of orientation in your life. Once Thomas Effing has tried to teach Marco this. Moon Palace: * He lives as homeless person in the central park his rescue through meeting Kitty Wu Moon as a symbol for hope and change * Restaurant Moon Palace a Chinese restaurant; Moon palace as the embodiment of the misconception that Columbus thought America was China * There are three stories in the book and each one is finally the same each generation repeats the same mistakes of the previous generation * Moon Landing at the very beginning: * Marco doesn’t share the enthusiasm of the most American people including the president p5/1 * Apollo project.Marco is critical of the M. L. because it stands for man’s Hybris to break into Gods Sphere * Marco talks about Moon Landings in Literature when he first meets Kitty p50/16 * Moon: * Goddess of love and lunacy p43/5 * Dark image * But also: a kind of new frontier (Columbus-the West-the moon) * Landscape of the moon is similar to the one of the American West p45/1 * moon is a lifeless stone * loneliness just like in the west * Mo on Palace * Esp. The neon sign of a Chinese Restaurant Marco sees from his apartment (once really existed) p. 5/11 * A painting called â€Å"Moonlight† by Ralph Blakelock p162/20 * The moon is above a peaceful scene (Indians/Nature/Frontier) * Associated with harmony between man and nature * Moon stands for constant change which determines Marcos life and future * (see the end of the novel, when Marco stares at the moon * compare Effings view (p182) the moon offers you a direction in Life/Orientation * Solomon Barber & the moon: * In Kepler’s Blood: the people there were born on the moon * Barbers bald head/his face reminds at the moon

West Jet †Strengths & Weakness

WestJet Airlines is one of the low cost air carriers of Canada. In a very less span of time WestJet had gained the position of market leader in domestic airlines in Canada. The main reason behind this success could be the strategies being followed by the management while providing services to the customers. Providing excellent customer satisfaction seems to be the motto of the firm. Besides holding its position as the market leader Westjet proactively maintains its standard as a leader of environmental policy in the airline industry through corporate and individual responsibility. As well as adhering to all of the local, national and international standards, West Jet takes hands on accountability approach where no guidelines exist to ensure that the corporation remains responsive to current environmental issues and to prevent new environmental concerns from arising. WestJet strives to use and develop technologies that are environmentally sound. It also recycles and supports the use of recycled materials where possible. Employees are also advised and encourage to make health – conscious and environmentally sound decisions. This is ensured through proper training and the adequate funding needed to aintain a high standard of environmental responsibility. (West Jet Annual Report, 2003, p. 39). Strengths of WestJet Airlines: Concerning strengths and weaknesses of the firm, a SWOT analysis is require to assess the extent to which the strategies of the airlines have been successful. SWOT stands for strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weakness are the internal factors while opportunities and threats are the external factor. Here we would be considering only the internal factors. The strengths of WestJet are obvious. The airline is a profitable organization. The success of WestJet could be credited to the different management strategies being implement in the firm. These strategies especially the customer retention strategy are formulated and well implement considering the competitive environment in today’s world. The strength of WestJet Airlines lies in the below mentioned factors: ? Emphasis on customer service and customer service relationships. ? WestJet’s no frills strategy does not only mean a cut in cabin crew, but also allows a faster pre-flight preparation, thereby reducing the time grounded as well maintaining low fare. Better passenger services compared to the competitions, especially Air Canada. ? High aircraft utilization. ? Minimization of operational costs on the board which is obtained by optimally utilizing the man power resources. ? Strong focus on cost leadership and benchmarking. It is highly environmental friendly which is reflected on the activities being carried on under recycling. WestJet fully supports recycling of waste de-icing fluid. West Jet contracts to use propylene glycol wherever possible instead of ethylene glycol for aircraft deicing in most of its routes and wherever it is logistically available Weaknesses of WestJet Airlines: Too much dependence on the business ravel market segment. ? Increased dependence on passenger revenues rather than having a diversified source. ? Domestic airline with no exposure in the regional – international segment. ? Limited viable expansion possible into newer destinations over and above currently served. ? Strict competition from Air Canada. The weaknesses are obstructing as barriers in the further growth of the firm. In order to overcomes these weaknesses and retain its position as market leader, it becomes highly essential fro WestJet to utilize the different opportunities and convert the different threa ts in to its strengths.

Affection And Love Essay

Love is a fruit in season at all times, and within reach of every hand. Let us more and more insist on raising funds of love, of kindness, of understanding, of peace. Money will come if we seek first the Kingdom of God – the rest will be given. Let us not be satisfied with just giving money. Money is not enough, money can be got, but they need your hearts to love them. So, spread your love everywhere you go. If a particular religion, or culture, or scale of values, if one form of activity rather than another, brings self- fulfillment to a man, releases the prince within him unknown to himself, then that scale of values, that culture, that form of activity constitutes his truth. There must be a reason why some people can afford to live well. They must have worked for it. I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing away things that we could use. We need to find God, and he cannot be found in noise and restlessness. God is the friend of silence. See how nature – trees, flowers, grass- grows in silence; see the stars, the moon and the sun, how they move in silence†¦ We need silence to be able to touch souls. We ourselves feel that what we are doing is just a drop in the ocean. But the ocean would be less because of that missing drop. Ideal teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross, then having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create bridges of their own. Do not think that love, in order to be genuine, has to be extraordinary. What we need is to love without getting tired Jains believe that life exists in various forms in different parts of the universe including earth. Jainism has extensive classification of various living organisms including micro-organisms that live in mud, air and water. All living organisms have soul and therefore need to be interacted without causing much harm. There is nothing like a mothers love The women who cares the most More than the strength of a diamond More than the height of the sky More than the weight of the earth Nothing will ruin mother’s love A mother is the truest friend we have, when trials heavy and sudden, fall upon us; when adversity takes the place of prosperity; when friends who rejoice with us in our sunshine desert us; when trouble thickens around us, still will she cling to us, and endeavor by her kind precepts and counsels to dissipate the clouds of darkness, and cause peace to return to our hearts. God sees us through our Mothers’ eyes and rewards us for our virtues.

Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Leonardo da Vinci - Research Paper Example This research paper examines Leonardo da Vinci's life. He was born on April 15th, 1452 to Piero da Vinci, a notary, and Caterina, a peasant woman, at the hill town of Vinci, Italy. Even though not much is known about his early life, this has been the topic of historical conjecture In his numerous notebooks, Leonardo struggled with differentiating between the perception and painting of a scene which he summarized as the difference between monocular and binocular vision. Leonardo da Vinci could not create on canvas, in Ames’ terminology, an equivalent of configuration. He may have had little knowledge of ocular anatomy but his use of optics to the eye is spectacular. In addition, Leonardo possessed observational skills that had no match and his ability to generate virtual reality on canvas was without equal. Leonardo da Vinci (1721) noted that even though a painting may be carried out with the best art and finished perfectly, with consideration of its lights, contours, colors, s hadows, it can never show the relief possessed by a natural object unless these qualities are looked at from a distance with a single eye. In other words, the perception of deepness in a painting is not as complete as that of a natural scene seen with both eyes. He struggled for long with the contrast between binocular and monocular vision. In one of his notebooks, Leonardo wrote down how he had to repeat his experiments several times before coming to a conclusion. The reason he gave for this was that the subjects of study were numerous.

Coursework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Coursework - Case Study Example As already mentioned, the business will serve organizations interested in optimizing their web rankings. It services will cover an extensive range of activities including on-site and off-site SEO services. During the first year of operations, focus will be on marketing aimed at building a strong client base. Other than conventional market practices, quality services to existing clients will form the basis of our services marketing initiative. The business will then expand to attain regional status and eventually global over time. During the first three years, the business will direct lots of resources towards marketing. A large portion of the content will be done in-house during these 3 years. This will however not be a problem considering that the stakeholders are experts in the field of the business. It major source of revenues will be offering of SEO services to website owners. However, it will also earn some revenues through advertisements and affiliate programs. The will officially be launched on the 16th of august with an initial capital investment of  £100,000. The projected sales revenue for the first 3 years will be  £10000,  £30000 EUR, and  £50000 in year 1, year 2 and year 3 respectively. These will however be discussed in detail in the financial section of the business plan. As already mentioned, XYZ Solutions will provide website owners with high impact e-marketing strategies. These services are meant to help organizations increase their web presence and reach out to more of their target audience. XYZ Solutions does not just attract traffic to the respective websites but rather attracts the right traffic with a potential of turning them into sales where sales is the prime objective of a site. The services are purely aimed at having client’s websites ranked high on search engines based on specific keywords. The organization applies both conventional and technical skills to

This is a rewrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

This is a rewrite - Essay Example After taking the course, certification is necessary to identify qualified nurses, and show their level of competence. This is useful in ensuring efficiency of their services are enhanced, which is beneficial to all stakeholders in the health sector. During the evaluation stage, each nurse is asked questions and the level of competency in answering the questions correctly indicates how knowledgeable s/he is. This process is necessary to identify slow and fast learners and the best method to be used in coaching each group to ensure that their skills are greatly improved. In United States of America, certification is a requirement during the recruitment of various health professionals to ensure that they are in a capacity to meet the need of the patients effectively and in a timely manner. This leads to higher level of confidence on the practitioners, which is very essential in undertaking challenging tasks. Theoretical knowledge background is very useful when undertaking practical acti vities as it reduces the probability of commission of errors as well as being in a position to make sound judgement when in critical situations. There are different theories that are used to address various situations we encounter, but the choice of the theory to be applied is dependent on its capacity to handle the situation at hand. In this case, the information presented during learning is in line with constructivism learning theory, which argues on the importance of experience in the development of knowledge; it derives its roots from cognitive psychology. In this regard, the teaching strategies to be implemented are aimed at having a long lasting impact on the learner, by ensuring that they will be better placed to use the knowledge in future. To ensure that they have gained from the learning process, evaluation is necessary and will be carried out in line with the class setting as well as the materials available. Practice test and verbal communication evaluation approaches wil l be used to evaluate the capability of learners presenting various concepts that were covered during the training as well as their capacity to apply the knowledge gained to the practical field. While undertaking the training, the level and type of interaction among the learners can be used to gauge their understanding of the concepts presented. Integration of the practical aspects and the theoretical aspect of learning is necessary in ensuring that the learners are well versed with the applicability of the theoretical concepts learnt. In this case, understanding the anatomy and the cycles in the body is indispensible. This approach brings forth conversation between the instructor and the learners, whereby the learners can pose various questions and get them answered by the instructor. Additionally, the presence of a physical specimen is thought provoking and thus useful to the learners’ intellectual development. Additionally, learners are able to work in teams and improve on their interpersonal interactions, which is necessary for their professional development The rationale to be used in the learning process is aimed at strengthening the current knowledge and using it for further professional development, which is in line with the constructivism learning theory. The communication exercise provides an effective platform for understanding the lung sounds. Through training, various challenges encountered in the medical field are addressed, and

The Ethics of Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Ethics of Teaching - Essay Example The case 16 -1: 'Out of Step' in the book The Ethics of Teaching: A Casebook by Spiegel, Whitley, and Balogh is a perfect situation which needs to be opposed. The sexist humor of Professor Anachronistic in the case is a perfect example of discrimination and only strong opposition to such behaviors can serve the good purpose of teaching. Sexist discrimination by learned people cannot be tolerated at any rate and teachers with such attitudes can devalue the status of this noble profession. There are also views which support the attitude of Professor Anachronistic who enjoys a sexist humor approach to making his point. They claim that such comments are not too condemnable, but need to be taken in a lighter spirit. According to this view, teachers need to enjoy such humorous sense in keeping the interest of the students. However, according to my personal opinion, the attitude and the comments by Professor Anachronistic must be regarded as an incursion into private and sexual freedom. "Sex is now clearly an issue in public policy" and strong actions must be made on such individuals who cause sexual discrimination. (David, 1983, p 141). Spiegel, Patricia Keith., Whitley, Bernard E., and Balogh, Deborah Ware. (2002). The Ethics of Teaching: A Casebook. Taylor & Francis. p 181.

World Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

World Religion - Essay Example Even the smallest of objects and ideas in a practice holds some sort of symbol for that practice. Colors, scents, figures, even deities, have a significance to the need of that individual during that time. Religions were defined as being "a system of symbols [...] (Geertz)." To make the practices more realistic - and in some New Age paths, more efficient and beneficial - symbolism is used. Paganism is a New Age belief system that has a rather huge emphasis on the use of magic in their practices. Their very act of communing with Nature and divinity is considered magic; unfortunately, it is their type of magic that has given them a bad name within organized religions. The magic of pagans involves making use of symbols, chanting, reciting, or singing their aspirations, and building up energy to release into the universe in hopes of achieving what they hope to. In a religion such as Catholicism, the magic can be seen in their prayers and their taking of communion. In a sense, in regards to a Catholic praying, it is the same as a pagan performing a ritual - specific words and symbols are used to achieve one thing, and all of that is released to the divine to allow it to manifest and become something. When taking communion, the practitioner is drawing themselves closer to the divine, as the wine and wafers of the communion symbolize the divine itself. That is the similarity between the two religions - turning thoughts and hopes into something, regardless of what it is called, magic or prayer. Symbolism is an important part of both of them, as it helps to focus the intentions of the individual. No matter what each religion decides to call it, many of the acts can be seen as magic, as they are playing with a force that is outside their full understanding, hoping to get close to the divine and change their lives

How the Evian conference allowed hitler to massacre the jews Research Paper

How the Evian conference allowed hitler to massacre the jews - Research Paper Example The urgency of the refugee problem was graphically portrayed in the case of four hundred refugees from Austria who drifted for several weeks on a barge in the Danube: â€Å"Although they were within sight of three frontiers, they could go back neither to the country from which they were driven out nor land at any foreign port. (They were) people without a country, human flotsam adrift on an international stream.†1It was evident that an unprecedented, immense humanitarian crisis faced the world. U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt called for an international conference to address the plight of refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. The resulting Intergovernmental Conference on Political Refugees was held in Evian-les-Bains in Southern France, opening on July 6, 1938. The Evian Conference’s preliminaries, the refusal of the participating nations to ease visa restrictions and the results are proof of the multi-national anti-Semitism which provided Hitler with complete impunity for a vision of a world free of the â€Å"Jewish Vermin.† The Conference’s preliminaries displayed the underlying anti-Semitism in world society. America suggested Switzerland as the venue but was turned down by the Swiss who feared German displeasure. The official participants of the Conference were Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, United Kingdom, Chile, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Ireland, Honduras, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA, Uruguay and Venezuela. Poland and Romania attend unofficially, while South Africa was an observer.2 These nations agreed to participate only on the understanding that they would not be asked to increase their quota of refugees – they would only be called upon to offer solutions to the refugee problem. In the first instance, Great Britain and France collaborated to ensure that the mandate of the new body extended only to refugees from Germany and Austria, excluding any refugees from Rumania, Italy, Poland, Hungary and Spain.3 Again, at the very outset, Britain made it clear that any notion of large-scale settlement in Palestine would not be acceptable. This stand reflected the British policy of appeasement of the Arabs, in order to prevent uprisings against Jewish immigration. In fact, the British representative, Lord Winterton, deliberately avoided all references to Palestine in his opening address. Earlier, he had assured the British foreign office that â€Å"he and the British delegates would bear in mind the need to avoid provoking the Reich government.†4Australia held that Jews could not be culturally assimilated into their county and attended only to avoid international criticism. Canada attended the Conference with great reluctance, fearing being pressurized into admitting Jews. Canada’s anti-Semitic sentiment was amply demonstrated in the reply of a senior official to the question of how many Jews would be allowed into the country after WWII: â€Å"None would be too many.†5Switzerland sent its Police Chief, Dr. H. Rothmund, as its delegate, clearly conveying its intention of doing nothing for the Jews. In the words of a renowned journalist, â€Å"I doubt if much will be done.   The British, French and Americans seem too anxious not to do anything to offend Hitler.   It's an absurd situation.   They want to appease the man who was responsible for their problem.†